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What is centripetal force?
The net force required to keep an object moving in a circular path, always directed towards the center of the circle.
How is angular speed (ω) defined?
The angle an object moves through per unit time, expressed in radians per second.
What characterizes simple harmonic motion (SHM)?
A type of periodic motion where the acceleration is directly proportional to and opposite in direction to the displacement from the equilibrium position.
What is the time period (T) in a periodic system?
The time taken for one complete cycle of motion.
What does damping refer to in oscillatory motion?
The reduction of amplitude due to energy loss to the environment.
What is light damping?
Light damping refers to the gradual reduction of amplitude in oscillatory motion, allowing the system to oscillate for several cycles before coming to rest, amplitude decreasing a little each period.
What is heavy damping?
They take less time to stop oscillating than lightly damping systems, amplitude getting smaller each period.
What is critical damping?
Reduces the amplitude in shortest time possible
What is over damping ?
Systems with heaviest damping effect. They take longer to return to equilibrium than critically damped systems.
How does plastic deformation act as damping?
They reduce the amplitude of oscillations as they take energy to change the materials shape
What are forced vibrations?
Oscillations caused by an external force applied to a system.
What are free vibrations?
Oscillations which occur when a system is displaced and then allowed to oscillate without any external forces
What is resonance?
The phenomenon that occurs when the frequency of an external force matches the natural frequency of a system, resulting in large amplitude oscillations.
What is the equilibrium position in motion?
The central position around which oscillation occurs.
What does amplitude (A) represent in oscillatory motion?
The maximum displacement from the equilibrium position.
What is the definition of frequency (f)?
The number of complete cycles of a periodic motion that occur in one second, measured in hertz (Hz).
What is the formula for the relationship between frequency (f) and time period (T)?
f = 1/T, where f is frequency and T is the time period.
What is the importance of the natural frequency of a system?
It defines the frequency at which a system tends to oscillate when not subject to a continuous or repeated external force.
What is the principle of superposition in oscillations?
The principle stating that the total displacement of a system is the sum of the displacements caused by each individual oscillation.
What are the characteristics of non-simple harmonic motion (non-SHM)?
Motion that does not have a restoring force proportional to displacement, often resulting in a more complex or irregular motion.
How does increasing mass affect the time period (T) of an oscillating system?
In general, increasing the mass of a system increases the time period of oscillation in a simple harmonic oscillator.
What is the phase of an oscillation?
The state of the cycle of motion at a specific point in time, usually expressed in degrees or radians.
What is the restoring force in SHM?
The force that acts to bring the system back to its equilibrium position, proportional to the displacement.
How does energy transfer occur in oscillatory motion?
Energy transfers between potential energy (maximum at maximum displacement) and kinetic energy (maximum at the equilibrium position) throughout the motion.
What is mechanical energy defined as?
The sum of kinetic and potential energy in a system
What is a pendulum?
A simple harmonic oscillator consisting of a mass (bob) attached to a string or rod that swings back and forth under the influence of gravity.
What is centripetal acceleration?
The acceleration of an object moving in a circular path, directed towards the center of the circle.
What graph should I draw for required practical 7 and what should its gradient be ?
A graph of the square of the period (T²) of the pendulum against the length (L) of the pendulum should be drawn. Its gradient will be 4pi/g
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