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what are the 6 cognitive processes children use to develop their knowledge of the world?
schemes
assimilation
accommodation
organization
equilibrium
equilibration
what are schemes?
physical actions/mental representations help
ex: physical scheme - baby sucking thumb; cognitive scheme - child examining a box
what is assimilation?
using existing schemes to deal w/ new info or experiences
ex: baby sucks anything that touches their lips (scheme) → baby sucks almost anything
what is accomodation?
adjusting existing schemes to take in new info and experiences
ex: overtime, the child sucks all sorts of objects, understanding their texture, taste, etc. (scheme) → child learns what to suck and what not to suck
what is organization?
grouping schemes
ex: child knows who to use a hammer, but not other tools. after learning how to use each tool, they group each use to designated tool which is organization
what is disequilibrium?
experiencing cognitive conflict (facing obstacles to existing schemes)
what is equilibrium?
achieved thru changes in assimilation and accommodation to overcome cognitive conflict
when does the sensorimotor stage last?
birth to about 2 years old
what happens in the sensorimotor stage?
infants understand the world by using senses and motor actions
what are the 6 substages of sensorimotor stage?
simple reflexes
first habit and primary circular reactions
secondary circular reactions
coordination of secondary circular reactions
tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity
internalization of schemes
when does the simple reflexes substage happen?
first month after birth
what happens in the simple reflexes substage?
infant initiates action instead of stimulus forcing the reflex
ex: at first infant sucks nipple when placed directly in their mouth, but learns to suck nipple when it is nearby (not directly in mouth)
when does the first habits and primary circular reactions substage happen?
between 1-4 months old
what are the two schemes that infant uses to understand the world in the first habits and primary circular reactions substage?
habits: a reflex that happens w/out the need for a stimulus
ex: sucking a nipple only when directly in mouth → sucking a nipple when nipple is nearby
primary circular reactions: repeated action
ex: sucking a nipple nearby repetitively
when does the secondary circular actions stage happen?
between 4-8 months old
what scheme does infant use to understand the world in the secondary circular reactions substage?
secondary circular reaction: repeated action (usually involving objects) for non-goal oriented purposes
ex: infant shakes a toy because its satisfying
when does the coordination of secondary circular reactions substage happen?
between 8-12 months old
what happens in the coordination of secondary circular reactions substage?
infant uses secondary circular reactions for goal-oriented purposes/intentionally
ex: infant shakes a toy to get a piece of it out to play w/
when does the tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity substage happen?
between 12-18 months old
what scheme do infants use to understand the world in the tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity substage?
tertiary circular reactions: exploring new ways to use objects
ex: infants makes the toy spin, jump, etc.
when does the internalization of schemes substage happen?
between 18-24 months old
what happens in the internalization of schemes substage?
infants learn how to use basic/”primitive” symbols
ex: infant opens and closes a box → they open and close their mouth to mimic this
what is a symbol according to Piaget?
cognitive image/word that represents an event
when do infants develop object permanence?
by the end of the sensorimotor stage
what is object permanence?
understanding that objects exist even when they cant be seen, heard, or touched
does new research suggest that Piaget’s view of sensorimotor development needs to be modified?
yes
what is the A-Not-B Error?
evidence for modifying Piaget’s sensorimotor stage: younger infants are more likely to search for an object in Location A than Location B because they havent developed object permanence due to
what is the core knowledge approach?
nature view: believes that infants are born w/ biological, innate cognitive systems to help them understand the world
(debatable)
how does nurture and nature influence cognitive development?
nature provides the foundation of cognitive systems and nurture provides the experiences to modify/update them
what is attention?
focusing on something
when does the orienting/investigative process happen?
first year of life
what is the orienting/investigative process?
type of attention: focusing on important location in environment and details of objects
when does sustained attention happen?
3-9 months old
what is sustained attention?
type of attention: maintaining focus to help learn and remember details of stimulus
what is habituation?
decreased attention to a stimulus
ex: showing a baby a toy many times → baby focuses on it less
what is dishabituation?
regaining attention after new stimulus is introduced
ex: showing a bored baby a dog → baby focuses more
what is joint attention?
individuals focus on the same stimulus
what are the 3 requirements for joint attention?
both individuals tracking each other’s behavior like following each other’s gaze
one individual directing another individual’s attention
both individuals are interacting
ex: mother pointing at the TV to direct infant’s attention to TV
what is memory?
retention of info over time
what is encoding?
attention allows for memory
what is implicit memory?
memorizing things that you do automatically after being repeated
what is explicit memory?
memorizing facts and experiences
how long do 6 month olds memorize?
24 hrs
how long do 9 month olds memorize?
1 month
how long do 10-11 month olds memorize?
3 months
how long do 13-14 month olds memorize?
4-6 months
how long do 20 month olds memorize?
12 months
which 2 parts of the brain from 6-12 months old to allow for explicit memory?
hippocampus
surrounding cerebral cortex (esp. frontal lobes)
what is infantile/childhood amnesia?
adults only remembering some things from the first 3 years of their life
which part of the brain during infancy and early childhood causes infantile/childhood amnesia?
immature prefrontal lobes; prefrontal lobes allow for long-term memories
what is deferred imitation?
observing and remembering an action performed by someone else, and then imitate it later on
when does deferred imitation occur?
hours or days after the action
what are concepts?
cognitive groups/categories of things
w/out concepts, you would see each thing as unique even tho thats not the case. some things are similar
what is perceptual categorization?
groups/categories are based on how similar things look and act
what is the developmental quotient (DQ)?
a combo of scores in behavioral categories of Gessel test: motor, language, adaptive, personal-social
what is the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development?
assesses infant behavior and predicts later development by using 5 scales: cognitive, language, motor, social-emotional, and adaptive behavior
what is the best predictor of IQ?
early language skills
what is language?
a form of communication based on a system of symbols
what is infinite generativity?
ability to create and understand endless # meaningful sentences using a limited set of words and rules
what are the 5 system of rules in language?
phonology
morphology
syntax
semantics
pragmatics
what is phonology?
sounds of words and how they are combined
what is morphology?
meanings of words
what is syntax?
how words combine to form phrases and sentences
what is semantics?
meanings of words and sentences
what is pragmatics?
using language appropriately/correctly in different contexts
ex: taking turns speaking/using language in a disucssion
when do babies cry?
at birth
what does a baby crying usually mean?
they’re distressed
when does a baby coo (gurgling sounds)?
about 1-2 months old
what does a baby cooing usually mean?
pleasure towards caregiver
when do babies babble?
ex: ba ba ba ba
middle of 1 years old
when do infants start to use gestures?
8-12 months old
why might gestures such as pointing promote further language development?
> involved w/ caregivers talking to them about what they[‘re pointing to
> is for things they have previously pointed to
what is receptive vocab?
words the child understands
what is spoken vocab?
words the child uses
when does the vocab spurt happen?
~18 months old
what is vocab spurt?
increase in known words in vocab
what does it mean to overextend a word?
using a word wrong; generalizing things
ex: infant uses “dada” to refer to their father, but also uses it for other men which is wrong
what does it mean to underextend a word?
using a word wrong; not generalizing things
ex: child says that the 5 year old neighbor is a boy, but doesnt say that the 9 year old neighbor is a boy
what is telegraphic speech?
using words w/out correct grammar
ex: “Mommy give icecream” or “See doggie”
what are the 2 regions of the brain involved in language?
> Brocas’s area
> Wernicke’s area
what is the Broca’s area?
in the left frontal lobe of brain; involved in producing words
what is the Wernicke’s area?
in left hemisphere of brain; involved in comprehending/understanding language
what is aphasia?
loss/impairment of language processing due to damage to Broca’s area/Wernicke’s area/both
what is the language acquisition device (LAD)?
a biological predisposed system/tool that allows child to identify certain features and rules of language like syntax, phonology, etc.
does LAD fully explain how children acquire language?
no
is watching/hearing from a TV enough for a child to acquire language?
no, it actually delays language acquisition
what are 3 factors that affect a child’s language acquisition?
> child’s experiences esp. w/ caregiver thru joint attention
> certain language they’re learning
> where they are learning
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