MBUS 3010 Exam 3

Tracking

Recording of basic track with band, creation of beat

Overdubs

Adding additional instruments and vocals

Mixing

Blending all of the sounds together (echo, reverb, etc)

Mastering

Creation of the final master copy from which other versions are made. Insert meta data

Lacquer

First step of vinyl record pressing

Metal Master

2nd step of vinyl record pressing, after lacquer

Metal Mother

3rd step of vinyl record pressing, after metal master

Metal Stamper

4th step of vinyl record pressing, after metal mother

Pressing

Last step of vinyl record pressing, uses stamper

Artist royalties are paid by

Label

Performance Royalties are paid by

Performing Rights Organization

Mechanical royalties are paid by

label

Streaming mechanical paid by

DSP pays Mechanical Licensing Collective

Does artist get broadcast royalties?

NO

Who gets broadcast royalties

performance royalty to songwriter

How is the term measured?

In albums not years

What is a master?

a recording: multi-tracks or mixes

Re-recording restriction

clause where artist can no longer record their music, typically was 5-7, now 10-15 (post TS)

Base Rate

Basis from which a royalty is calculated

Penny Rate

actual monetary amount artist gets paid in royalties per transaction

Advance

Label pays artist future royalties to help fund recording process and living expenses

Recoupment

Artist will not receive any royalty payments until after all advance monies on deal have been recouped by artist royalties

Non-returnable

If advance is unrecouped, artist does NOT have to repay the label (not in debt)

Cross-collateralization

on a multi-album deal, all advances MUST be recouped before any royalties are paid

Majors?

Distribution for major labels and subsidiares

Major-owned indies

the largest independent distributors are owned by the majors

true independents

distribution companies with no major affiliationn

digital aggregators

supply digital music outlets, download retailers, streaming services

Rack Jobbers

distributors that run the music department of big retail outlets that is not a record store (target, walmart, etc)

DSP

Digital Service Provider (any music streaming service: spotify, apple music)

ISRC

International Standard Recording Code- put into meta data to track sales and streaming, ensures payment of royalties

Metadata

info embedded into digital recording that says name of song, album, artist, ISRC. Added during mastering

Gold Record

500k sales

Platinum Record

1 million sales

Diamond Record

10 million sales

SEA

Streaming Equivalent Album

SEA for 1 sale, (not billboard)

1500 streams

What is the billboard hot 100?

singles chart

What is the billboard 200

albums chart

Billboard TEA- track equivalent album

10 downloads = 1 album

Billboard SEA- stream equivalent album

1250 streams = 1 album

How long is an album cycle

18-36 months

What is catalog?

Any music that is more than 18 months old AND has fallow below position 100 on the billboard 200

What is the royalty split of the 3 types of royalties?

2 to songwriter, 1 to artist

Who gets paid more in royalties? Artist or Songwriter

Artist

What is the first step of the record manufacturing process?

Cutting lacquer

How are records pressed?

A stamper

Are CDs duplicated

NO

Are CDs replicated or duplicated?

replicated

Is most independent music distributed by one of the major label distributors?

Yes

What % of streaming revenue goes to rights holders?

70%

What % of streaming revenue goes to labels/performers?

50%

What % of streaming revenue goes to publishers & songwriters?

25%

What does RIAA stand for?

Recording Industry Association of America

What is A & R

Artist and repertoire, recruits artists for label

What does production do at a label?

make sure meta data is correct on the record, handles physical goods

What is sync?

licensing a song for visual media like films, tv shows, and commercials

Who is the only person paid when a song is on the radio?

songwriter

What is a firm (firm and options)

a solid commitment to a record from a label, the label IS producing it for sure

What is an option? (firm and options)

After firm commitments to make albums, record labels then have extra opportunities to produce more records. However, they also have the option to drop the artist.

When is back end of the advance paid?

When album is completed AND accepted (meets delivery requirements)

What are the important delivery requirements?

length requirement, commercially satisfactory (can sell), no copyright infringement

SLRP

Suggested List Retail Price, artist paid a % of sticker price

PPD

Published Price to Distributors, % of that price, most common

Profit Split

Split of profit between label and artist after expenses

What are mechanical royalties

royalties paid for songwriting