anaphy 3M

tissues

groups of specialized cells and the extracellular substances surrounding them.

histology

is the microscopic study of tissue structure.

bone

what is the densest tissue?

epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nervous tissue

what are the four primary tissue types?

epithelium

this type of tissue is found virtually everywhere, both inside and outside the body.

epithelium

It is primarily a cellular tissue, meaning there is very little extracellular material between the cells.

epithelium

It forms the layers that cover the surfaces and line the hollow organs of our body.

mostly composed of cells
covers body surfaces
has an exposed surface
attached to the basal surface
has specialized cell connections and matrix attachments
is avascular
is capable of regeneration

what are the characteristics common to most types of epithelial tissues?

free surface

the surface of the epithelium that is exposed

basal surface

the surface of the cell’s that is anchored in place

basement membrane

composed of specialized extracellular material secreted by the epithelial cells.

basement membranesurf

It plays an important role in supporting and guiding cell migration during tissue repair.

lateral surface

surface where the epithelial cells are attached to each other

undifferentiated cells (stem cells)

this type of cell continuously divide and produce new cells

simple epithelium
stratified epithelium
pseudostratified columnar epithelium

three major types of epithelium based on the number of cell layers in each

squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

three types of epithelium based on idealized shapes of the epithelial cells

simple epithelium

consists of a single layer of cells, with each cell extending from the basement membrane to the free surface

stratified epithelium

consists of more than one layer of cells, but only the deepest layer of cells attaches to the basement membrane

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

a special type of epithelium

squamous

cells are flat or scalelike.

cuboidal

cells are cube-shaped—about as wide as they are tall.

columnar

cells tend to be taller than they are wide.

simple squamous epithelium

a single layer of thin, flat cells. Some substances easily pass through this thin layer of cells, but other substances do not.

simple cuboidal epithelium

a single layer of cubelike cells that carry out active transport, facilitated diffusion, or secretion.

simple columnar epithelium

a single layer of tall, thin cells. The large size of these cells enables them to perform complex functions.

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

is actually a single layer of cells, but the cells appear to be layered due to the differing heights of adjacent cells and positions of their nuclei. This epithelium provides protection for the body

stratified squamous epithelium

forms a thick epithelium because it consists of several layers of cells

stratified squamous epithelium

The deepest cells are cuboidal or columnar and are capable of dividing and producing new cells. As these newly formed cells are pushed to the surface, they become flat and thin.

transitional epithelium

a special type of stratified epithelium that can stretch

simple squamous epithelium

Diffusion, filtration, some secretion, and some protection against friction

stratified squamous epithelium

protects against abrasion, formed a barrier against infection, and reduces loss of water from the body

simple cuboidal epithelium

secretion and absorption by cells of the kidney tubules; secretion by cells of glands and choroid plexuses; movement of particles embedded in mucus out of the terminal bronchioles by ciliated cells

transitional epithelium

accommodates fluctuations in the volume of fluid in an organ or a tube; protects against the caustic effects of urine

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

performs a cleaning function by moving mucus and debris from the passageways,

desmosomes

mechanically bind cells together

hemidesmosomes

bind cells to the basement membrane

tight junctions

cell connection structures that form barrier and anchor cells to each other

adhesion belt

help tight junctions anchor the epithelial cells to each other

gap junctions

cell connection structures that allow for intercellular communication

endocrine glands

glands that produce chemicals called hormones and are often termed ductless glands

exocrine glands

glands produce a wide variety of products, such as saliva, sweat, and digestive tract secretions.

duct

refers to the tube in contact with the epithelial tissue free surface, which transports the secreted material.

unicellular, simple, and compound

what are the three major categories of exocrine glands?

merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine secretion

what are three modes of excretion of exocrine glands?

connective tissue

a diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body.

blast

create the matrix

cyte

maintains the matrix

clast

break the matrix down for remodeling

protein fiber, ground substance, and fluid

three major components of extracellular matrix

ground substance

substance that consists of nonfibrous protein and other molecules

collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers

three types of protein fibers

collagen fibers

fibers that resemble microscopic ropes, are very flexible but resist stretching.

reticular fibers

fiber that are very fine, short collagen fibers that branch to form a supporting network.

elastic fibers

fibers that has the ability to return to their original shape after being stretched or compressed,

proteoglycans

large molecules that consist of a protein core attached to many long polysaccharides.

ground substance

It is the “shapeless” background against which the collagen fibers are seen through the microscope.

embryonic connective tissue and adult connective tissue

what are the two main types of connective tissue?

connective tissue proper, supportive connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue

what are the three types of adult connective tissue?

loose connective tissue and dense connective tisuse

what are in the connective tissue proper?

areolar tissue, adipose tissue, and reticular tissue

what are the subdivisions of loose connective tissue?

loose connective tissue

consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network, with numerous spaces filled with ground substance and fluid.

areolar tissues

tissue that cushions most organs and other tissues; it attaches the skin to underlying tissues

adipose tissue

tissue consists of adipocytes, or fat cells, which contain large amounts of lipids for energy storage.

reticular tissue

tissue that forms the framework of lymphatic tissue, such as in the spleen and lymph nodes, as well as in bone marrow and the liver

dense connective tissue

tissue that has a relatively large number of protein fibers that form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the extracellular space.

collagenous and elastic

what are the two subcategories of dense connective tissue

dense collagenous connective tissue

dense connective tissue that has an extracellular matrix consisting mostly of collagen fibers

dense elastic connective tissue

dense connective tissue that has abundant elastic fibers among its collagen fibers.

cartilage and bone

what are the two types of supporting connective tissues?

cartilage

composed of chondrocytes, or cartilage cells, located in spaces called lacunae within an extensive matrix

cartilage

this type of supporting connective tissue provides support, while allowing flexibility

hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage

what are three types of cartilge?

hyaline cartilage

the most abundant type of cartilage and has many functions

hyaline cartilage

this type of cartilage covers the end of bones where they come together to form joints

fibrocartilage

cartilage that has more collagen than does hyaline cartilage, and bundles of collagen fibers can be seen in the matrix.

fibrocartilage

this cartilage can withstand both compression and pulling or tearing forces and is found in the disks between the vertebrae and in some joints

elastic cartilage

this cartilage contains elastic fibers in addition to collagen and proteoglycans.

bone

a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and a mineralized matrix

spongy bone and compact bone

what are the two types of bone?

spongy bone

this bone has spaces between trabeculae, or plates, of bone

compact bone

this bone is more solid, with almost no space between many thin layers of mineralized matrix

blood

what is an example of fluid connective tissue?

blood

this connective tissue is unique because the matrix is liquid, enabling blood cells and platelets to move through blood vessels

muscle tissue

the main function of this tissue is to contract, or shorten, making movement possible

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

what are the three types of muscle tissue?

skeletal muslce

this muscle is what we normally think of as “muscle”

cardiac muscle

the muscle of the heart; it is responsible for pumping blood

intercalated disks

cardiac muscle are often branched and connected to one another by (blank)

intercalated disks

contain specialized gap junctions and are important in coordinating the contractions of the cardiac muscle cells

smooth muscle

this muscle tissue forms the walls of hollow organs; it is also found in the skin and the eyes

nervous tissue

this tissue forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

nervous tissue

this tissue is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities

tissue membrane

a thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity

mucous, serous, and synovial membrane

what are the three major categories of internal tissue membranes?

mucous memrbanes

this internal membrane lines cavities that open to the outside of the body such as the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts

serous membranes

this internal membrane lines cavities that do not open to the exterior of the body

synovial membrane

this internal membrane lines the cavities of freely movable joints

inflammation

occurs when tissue are damaged

redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and loss of function (functio laesa0

what are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

inflammation

defense mechanism that mobilizes the body’s immune cells to isolate and destroy microorganisms and other injurious agents