Lecture 5 - Development of Human Locomotion

Locomotion

The act of moving, or the capability to move from one place to another

Wheeling

Transportation done on non electric devices

Bike, Skateboard, Heelys, Scooters

4 Examples of Wheeling

Yes

Is “Wheeling” locomotion?

Structural, Functional, Physical, Environmental, Task

What constraints is Locomotion shaped by?

Rate limiters, Affordances

The timing of initial locomotion for an infant is dictated by ________ and ________

Creeping

An infants first locomotive skill

Creeping

Using arms to shimmy across the surface, Commando Style movement

Crawling

Movement done on hands and knees

Walking

First form of upright, bipedal locomotion

50% phasing

One leg is halfway through cycle when other leg is finished

50% Phasing, Period of double support followed by period of single support

Characteristics of walking

Balance, Leg Strength

Two major rate limiters of walking

Static Balance, Dynamic Balance

Stationary Balance, and Motion Balance

Stability over balance, arms in high guard, flat feet, quick steps.

4 Characteristics of early walking

11-13 months

when does early walking begin?

Mobility over stability, Narrow Steps, Opposition in limbs, Longer steps

4 Characteristics of Proficient Walking

4

By age __ essential components of advanced walking are present

Stride, Range of motion

In Mid-Adolescent development of walking, _____ length increases with fuller _________ and growing legs

Stability over mobility, shorter steps, decreased speed, objects used for balance

4 Characteristics of walking in older adults

Muscle loss, decreased ROM, Fear of falling

3 Rate limiters that affect walking in older adults (2 structural 1 Functional)

50% Phasing, One foot support, Flight, One foot Support

Characteristics of Running

No, lack of flight

Is speed walking running? Why?

6-7

Running begins _____ after walking

Balance

Most important rate limiter in running

Stability over mobility, Arms high guard, short strides

3 Characteristics in early running

Mobility over stability, Oppositional Limbs, Longer Strides

3 Characteristics of Proficient Running

Qualitative, quantitative

As children grow, ________ changes in running patterns, combined with physical growth and maturation, generally result in improved ________ measures of running

Stride length, Stride frequency

2 Examples of measuring running

Exercise

______ can allow older adults to run for years

14-15, 8%

Girls’ running speed peaks around _____ years, improving by ___ between ages 9-17

17 years, 20%

Boys running speed improves beyond _____, improving by ___ between ages 9-17

Immature

______ running patterns lead to slower speeds

1. Arms in high guard

2. Bilateral Arm swing

3. Opposition, Oblique

4. Opposition, Sagital

Steps of Arm Action development in running

Jumping

Takeoff with 1 or 2 feet, landing with 2 feet

2

Children often begin simple jumping before age __

Hopping

Take off and land on same foot

Leaping

Take off with 1 foot, land with other foot

Galloping

One foot leads, other follows, foreward

Sliding

One foot leads, other follows, sideways

Skipping

Step-hop left foot, Step-hop right foot

2

Leaping begins around age _

2

Galloping emerges around age _

6-7

Skipping emerges between _____ years

3-5

Proficient jumping typically begins between ___ years old

Preparatory crouch, Feet leave ground together, Arm swing during jump

Characteristics of Proficient Jumping

No preparatory movements, One-foot takeoff or landing, arms stationary at takeoff

Characteristics of early jumping

1. 1 foot takeoff

2. Knee extension before leaving ground

3. Knee extension as heels leave ground

4. Knee extension after heels leave ground

Steps of Leg Action in Jumping

1. No action

2. Arms swing forward

3. Arms extend, then partially flex

4. Arms extend, then fully flex

Steps of arm action in jumping

5-6

Proficient hopping typically begins between ages ___

Later, Jumping

Hopping starts _____ than ____

Inactive arms, supported leg not projected, rigid swing leg

3 Characteristics of early hopping

Oppositional arms, support leg extends, swing leg leads hip

3 Characteristics of proficient hopping

3, repeatedly

Few children under ____ can hop _____

Neuromuscular

Adaptations of the ___________ system moderates the force of landing

Individual Constraints, Principles of motion

Development of movement occurs due to an interaction of __________ and because of ______________

1. Momentary flight, force only from the stance leg

2. Slight forward lean to allow extension

3. Projected take off, swing leg assistance

4. Knees bend on landing

Steps of Leg action in Hopping

1. Bilateral inactive

2. Bilateral Reactive

3. Arms pump up and down

4. Opposite arm extends foreward

5. Opposition of both arms

Steps of arm action in hopping

Stepping, Hopping, Leaping

Galloping, Sliding, and Skipping involve a combination of previously obtained skills: ______________________

Asymmetric movement

Movement from one foot to the other foot

Symmetric movement

Movement from one foot to the same foot

Arrhythmic Movements, No arm movement, Short stride

3 Characteristics of early Galloping, Sliding, and Skipping

Arms can perform other functions. Arms swing in opposition

2 Characteristics of Proficient Galloping, Sliding, and Skipping

Spatial Awareness, Language

Locomotion and talking are linked because of a possible relationship between ___________ and ________ because of words with spatial links