Radioactive Decay and Nuclear Stability - 24.1
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NEVER
**CHEM RXN**
* One substance is __**converted into another**__, but atoms __________change identity.
* One substance is __**converted into another**__, but atoms __________change identity.
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Electrons , nuclear
**CHEM RXN**
* ______ in orbitals are involved as bonds
break and form;
* ______ particles **do not** take part.
* ______ in orbitals are involved as bonds
break and form;
* ______ particles **do not** take part.
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small, no
**CHEM RXN**
* Reactions are accompanied by relatively _____
changes in **energy**
* Are there measurable changes
in **mass**?
* Reactions are accompanied by relatively _____
changes in **energy**
* Are there measurable changes
in **mass**?
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temp, conc, catalysts, compound
**CHEM RXN**
* Reaction rates are influenced by
* …………..,
* ……….. ,
* _________
* and the _________ in which an element occurs.
* Reaction rates are influenced by
* …………..,
* ……….. ,
* _________
* and the _________ in which an element occurs.
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another
**Nuclear RXN**
* Atoms of one element typically are converted
into atoms of ______ **element**.
* Atoms of one element typically are converted
into atoms of ______ **element**.
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protons, neutrons, less
**Nuclear RXN**
* _______, ………. and other nuclear particles are **involved**;
* **electrons** in orbitals take part much ______ often.
* _______, ………. and other nuclear particles are **involved**;
* **electrons** in orbitals take part much ______ often.
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large
**Nuclear RXN**
* Reactions are accompanied by relatively _______ changes in **energy** and measurable changes in **mass**.
* Reactions are accompanied by relatively _______ changes in **energy** and measurable changes in **mass**.
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nuclei, aren’t
**Nuclear RXN**
* Reaction rates depend on number of ________,
* but ______ affected by **temperature, catalysts,** or, except on rare occasions, the **compound** in which an element occurs.
* Reaction rates depend on number of ________,
* but ______ affected by **temperature, catalysts,** or, except on rare occasions, the **compound** in which an element occurs.
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neutrons, protons
The **nucleus** comprises the ______ and …….. , collectively
called **nucleons**.
called **nucleons**.
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mass number
The **total number** of **nucleons** in a nucleus gives its ________
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nuclide
a nucleus with a particular composition
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diff
Each isotope of an element has a _______ nuclide.
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unstable, radioactive decay
Many **nuclides** are _____ and spontaneously emit
**radiation**,
* a process termed ________
**radiation**,
* a process termed ________
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no
is the __**intensity of the radiation**__ emitted by **NUCLIDES** affected by **temperature**, **pressure**, or other physical and chemical conditions?
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decays, diff
When a **nuclide** ______ , it emits radiation and usually changes
into a nuclide of a _____ element.
into a nuclide of a _____ element.
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alpha, beta, gamma rays
what are the 3 **natural types** of radioactive emission:
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beta
type of radioactive emission:
* high-**speed** **electrons**.
* high-**speed** **electrons**.
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Gamma rays
type of radioactive emission:
* VERY high-**energy** **photons**.
* VERY high-**energy** **photons**.
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daughter, lower
When a **nuclide decays**, it forms a ________nuclide
of _______ energy
of _______ energy
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Alpha
____ decay
* involves the **loss** of an **α** particle from
the **nucleus**.
* involves the **loss** of an **α** particle from
the **nucleus**.
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4, 2, daughter
**Alpha decay**
* For each **α** particle **emitted**, “**A**” DEC by ____ and **Z** DEC
by _____ in the ……….. nuclide.
* For each **α** particle **emitted**, “**A**” DEC by ____ and **Z** DEC
by _____ in the ……….. nuclide.
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A
mass number
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Z
charge of particle
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alpha decay
the most **common** form of decay for a **heavy**, **unstable** **NUCLEUS**.
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B- decay
involves the **ejection** of a **β-** particle from the **nucleus**.
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proton, expelled
**β-decay:**
* A **neutron** is converted to a ____ __,__ which remains in the nucleus, and a β -particle is ……….
* A **neutron** is converted to a ____ __,__ which remains in the nucleus, and a β -particle is ……….
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daughter, 1
**β-decay:**
* **“A”** remains the same in the ____ **nuclide** but “**Z**” INC by ___ unit.
* **“A”** remains the same in the ____ **nuclide** but “**Z**” INC by ___ unit.
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Positron B+ emission
the emission of a β + particle from the nucleus.
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antiparticle
**Positron B+ emission**
* The **positron** is the _______ of the electron.
* The **positron** is the _______ of the electron.
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neutron, positron
**Positron B+ emission**
* A **proton** in the **nucleus** is converted into a ______ , and a
_________ is emitted:
* A **proton** in the **nucleus** is converted into a ______ , and a
_________ is emitted:
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same, 1
**Positron B+ emission**
* **“A”** remains the **______** in the **daughter** **nuclide** but “**Z**” INC by ……… unit.
* **“A”** remains the **______** in the **daughter** **nuclide** but “**Z**” INC by ……… unit.
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Electron capture
occurs when the **nucleus** interacts with an **electron** in a **LOW** atomic energy level.
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proton, neutron
**Electron capture**
* A ……. is transformed into a ………:
* A ……. is transformed into a ………:
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Gamma emission
involves the **radiation** of high-**energy** gamma **photons**.
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no mass, charge
**GAMMA** **emission** results in _____change in either “**A**” or “**Z**” since gamma rays have no ……… or ……..
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neutrons (N), protons (Z), N/Z, nuclide mass
Two key factors determine the **stability of a nuclide:**
* number of ______
* number of ______
* ratio of ______
* total _______
* number of ______
* number of ______
* ratio of ______
* total _______
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band of stability, above
A plot of number of **neutrons** vs. **protons** for all
stable **nuclides** produces a ________ that gradually
curves **_______** the line for **N= Z.**
stable **nuclides** produces a ________ that gradually
curves **_______** the line for **N= Z.**
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N = Z
**Lighter** nuclides are stable when _____.
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inc
As **Z** INC, the **N/Z** for **stable nuclei** gradually _____.
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Z > 83
All nuclides with _____ are **unstable**.
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destabilize
**Protons** within the nucleus experience electrostatic **repulsive**
forces, which _______ the nucleus.
forces, which _______ the nucleus.
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strong, weaker
The ______ force, which exists between all **nucleons**,
**counteracts the ……….** repulsive forces.
**counteracts the ……….** repulsive forces.
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even
Elements with an ______ **Z** (**number of protons**) usually have a **larger**
number of **stable nuclides.**
number of **stable nuclides.**
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N, Z
Over half the **stable nuclides** have **BOTH even** …… and ……….
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like
**Nucleons** are found in **nucleon energy levels**, and pairing of
the spins of _____ nucleons leads to **GREATER stability.**
the spins of _____ nucleons leads to **GREATER stability.**
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even, odd
**Elements** have **MORE** nuclides when Z is _____, and **LESS** when Z is …….
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high
elements with an **EVEN** “Z” and **EVEN** “N” have ____ nuclides
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50s
elements with an **EVEN** “Z” and **ODD** “N” or vice versa have nuclides in the ______
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low
elements with an **ODD** “Z” and **ODD** “N” have ____ nuclides
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B decay
mode of decay for **HIGH** N/Z
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B+ emission, electron capture
mode of decay for **LOW** N/Z
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alpha decay
mode of decay for **Z > 83 ( heavy elements)**
Note 
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