ASWB Bachelors Exam

When should self determination be limited?

Only in situations where it would cause harm to a client or others.

Jean Piaget

Developmental psychologist best known for his theory of cognitive development. Theory states that children learn through interaction in the environment.

Nature vs nurture

Whether cognitive development is mainly determined by a clients innate qualities (nature), or by his personal experiences (nurture). Many experts avoid this question today.

Social development on micro level

Learning how to behave and interact well with others. Relies on managing feelings.

Social development on a macro level

Commitment that development processes need to benefit people. Recognizes the way people interact in groups and society.

Social development

Change in social institutions.

Spiritual growth and development stages

-Unwilling to accept a will greater than their own.

-Blind faith in authority figures, world is divided into good and evil.

-Scientific skepticism and questioning.

-Enjoys mystery and beauty of existence.

Bio psychosocial-spiritual-cultural challenges older people are faced with

Health and physical abilities, accessing affordable-high quality health care, decreased economic security, increased vulnerability to abuse and exploitation, and loss of meaningful roles.

Health care issues with adults 80+

Communication: Encourage to express feelings, stay positive

Health: monitor closely, promote self care, ensure nutrition, stress, and activity levels

Safety:ensure safe living

Development

Product of the elaborate interplay of biological, psychological, spiritual, and social influences

John Bowlby

Originated Attachment Theory.

Attachment: defined by Bowlby

A lasting psychological connectedness that can be understood within an evolutionary context in which a caregiver provides safety and security to a child. Child is pre-programmed to create attachments.

Monotropy

One primary attachment figure. Acts as a secure base for exploring the world.

Learned behavior attachment

Child will form an attachment to whoever feeds it. Child finds comfort in food, through classical conditioning, finds comfort in feeder. Child uses operant conditioning to get what it wants.

Stranger anxiety

Crying when an unfamiliar person tries to hold child, begins between 5-9 months. Intensifies at age 1, stops around age 2.

Separation anxiety

Beings 6-8 months, peaks at 14-18 months, resolved by 24-36 months. Upset when caregiver leaves sight.

Separation anxiety disorder

Characterized by excessive worrying about being away from caregiver. Occurs in later childhood.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Clients are motivated to meet certain needs, when one is filled they seek the next one. (physiological, safety, social, esteem, self-actualization)

Physiological needs

Maintain the physical organism. Biological needs such as food/water/oxygen/ temperature.

Safety needs

Need to feel safe from harm/danger/threat.

Social needs

Friendship, intimacy, affection, and love are needed.

Esteem needs

Need of a stable, firmly based level of self respect and respect from others.

Self-actualization

Ongoing process of need to be oneself, act consistently with whom one is.

Humanistic approach

clients have the capacity to grow, change, and adapt.

Strength

Any ability that helps and individual to confront and deal with a stressful life situation and to grow from it.

Strengths perspective

Focuses on understanding clients on the basis of their strengths and resources and mobilizing the resources to improve their situations.

Defense mechanisms

Behaviors that protect people from anxiety. Automatic, involuntary, usually unconscious psychological activities to exclude unacceptable thoughts, urges, threats, and impulses form awareness for fear of disapproval, punishment, or other negative outcomes. (NOT coping mechanisms-voluntary)

Examples of defense mechanisms

Turning against self, Splitting, repression... (SEE PAGE 57)

Erikson

Psychosocial model (8 stages)

Group work

Method of social work that helps individuals enhance their social functioning as well as cope with their problems. Individuals help each other change/learn social roles, social worker helps change environment/behavior.

Individual self-actualization occurs when:

Release of feelings that block social performance, support from others, reappraisal of self.

Psychodrama

Treatment approach in which roles are enacted in a group context

Stages of group development

Preaffiliation (forming), Power and Control (storming), Intimacy (norming), Differentiation (performing), Termination (adjourning).

Individuals to keep out of group work

Clients in crisis, suicidal, compulsive, needs attentjion, psychotic, paranoid.

Groupthink

Group makes faulty decisions because of group pressure.

Group polarization

Discussion strengthens a dominant point of view and results in a shift to a more extreme position than any of the members would adopt on their own.

Family systems approach

In order to understand a family system, a social worker must look at the family as a whole rather than on its members.

Family systems theory

All parts of the family are interrelated. Must look at the relationships and interactions between members. Families strive for homeostasis.

Equifinality

Ability of the family system to accomplish the same goals through different routes.

Interdependence

Individual family members and the subsystems are mutually influenced and dependent upon one another. What happens to one member, influences other members.

System theory terms

SEE PAGE 64

Ecological perspective

Focus of intervention is the interface between client and a clients environment

Role theory

Views day to day social behavior as individuals carrying out their defined roles.

Structural-functional perspective

Sees a role as the set of expectations that society places on a client.

Interactionist perspective

Viewing a role as something that is constantly negotiated between individuals.

Role ambiguity

Lack of clarity of role

Role complementarity

Role is carried out in an expected way (ex. parent-child)

Role discomplementarity

Role expectations of others differs from ones own.

Role reversal

When two or more individuals switch roles

Role conflict

incompatible or conflicting expectations

Gender role theory

Gender differences are socially constructed and a product of socialization experiences.

Cultural identity

Identity of a group or culture of an individual who is influenced by his self identification with that group.

Three stages of ethnic identity development

Unexamined cultural/ethnic identity, cultural identity search, cultural identity achievement.

Classic model of cultural identity development stages

Pre-encounter(unaware), encounter(thought provoking), immersion(exploration), internalization and commitment

Collateral sources

family, friends, other agencies, physicians, and so on- provide vital info on prior services and length/severity of situation. Must get informed consent from client.

When to use collateral sources

When credibility and validity of info obtained from a client is questionable.

Triangulation

Using information from multiple sources.

Sexual history

Number/gender of partners, practices, protections, and prevention.

Records info can be pulled from

Employment, medical, educational, sexual

Problem identification

Determining the problem targeted for intervention in exact definable terms, when it occurs, and it's magnitude. (Never client)

Prioritizing services depends on:

Client desire/motivation, treatment modality, agency setting, resources, and funding.

Evidence that a client is resistant

Limited communication, preoccupied, editing thoughts, canceling, payment delay

Reasons for resistance

Guilt, shame,fear change, external barriers

Ego strength

Ability of the ego to effectively deal with the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Basis of resilience.

Continuum of care

Clients enter treatment and step up to more intense treatment or less intense. Goal is to serve client in least restrictive environment.

Strengths

positive features of the community that can be leveraged to develop solutions to problems

outcome assessments

determine the extent to which tangible, defined differences have been made.

Risk factors for aod abuse

family, social, psychiatric, behavioral

Causes of substance abuse -models

biopsychosocial model, medical, self medication, family and environmental, social model

Substance use disorder

mild to severe, list of 11, any substance, combines abuse and dependence

harm reduction model

any program, policy, or intervention that seeks to reduce or minimize the adverse health and social consequences without requiring client to discontinue use.

stages of substance abuse treatment

stabilization, rehabilitation, maintenance

Medication assisted treatment interventions

Interfering with the symptoms associated with use. Blocks cravings

psychosocial or psychological interventions

therapeutic interventions that modify feelings.

behavioral therapies

extinguish undesirable behaviors and encourage desired ones through behavior modification

self help groups

mutual support while remaining abstinant

addiction

any behavior that a client feels powerless to control and that interferes with his normal daily life. Can be addicted to anything that gives pleasure or beta-endorphins (high)

Co-occurring disorders

two or more disorders occurring independently at the same time, often require longer treatment and have more crises

emotional/physical symptoms of mental illness

feeling sad, angry, confused, fearful, worried, or guilty, inability to concentrate, low energy, delusional, paranoia, hallucinations, drug abuse, body pain,

DSM terms

pg 108

neurologic and organic symptoms

caused by disorders that affect part or all of the nervous system, biologically based

(pain, muscle malfunction, changes in sensation, consciousness, or cognition)

organic brain syndrome

physical disorders that impair mental function (confusion, impairment of memory, agitation) Alzheimer's, fetal alcohol, stroke

Effects of sexual abuse

aversive feelings about sex, feelings of shame or responsibility, self destructive behavior, lack of trust, perceived vulnerability and victimization

signs of psychological abuse/neglect

avoid eye contact, loneliness, anxiety, little empathy, bully, self harm

suspicious injury

not consistent with history of injury, unusual locations, various stages of healting

somatic complaints

no specific diagnosis for pain

behavioral presentation

no expression, angry, defensive, fearful of eye contact, crying

social exchange theory

totaling potential benefits and losses to determine behavior

Exploitation

treating someone badly to benefit from his or her resources

Emotional and psychological trauma

Result of extraordinarily stressful events that destroy sense of security.

Events that lead to psychological trauma

Unexpected, feels no way to prevent, repeatedly intentional, or during childhood

Risks factors making clients susceptible to traumas

Under a lot of stress, childhood trauma, unresolved traumas

Elisabeth kübler-ross

5 stages of grief

5 stages of grief

Denial/isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance.

Risk factors of danger to self

History of attempts, lives alone, disorder, new depression medicine, substance abuse, exposure, loss.

Warning signs of danger to self

Change of habits, aod use, neglect of appearance, loss of interest, giving away belongings, threats.

Risk factors of danger to others

Violent before age of 13, highly aggressive or disorder, violence associated with weapons and drugs

Warning signs of danger to others

Aod, angry outbursts, isolation, preoccupied with killing, obtaining gun

Stages of crisis

Precrisis, crisis, post crisis

Problem solving approach

Belief that an inability to cope with a problem is due to lack of motivation, capacity, or opportunity.