BIOL 2402 Final Exam Study Guide Practice Questions

Which nutrient is the primary source of energy for the body?

A. Proteins

B. Carbohydrates

C. Lipids

D. Vitamins

B. Carbohydrates

What is the main function of erythropoietin (EPO)?

A. Stimulate platelet production

B. Increase white blood cells

C. Stimulate red blood cell production

D. Enhance oxygen binding to hemoglobin

C. Stimulate red blood cell production

Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

A. Mitochondrial matrix

B. Cytosol

C. Nucleus

D. Inner mitochondrial membrane

B. Cytosol

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

A. Glucagon

B. Insulin

C. Cortisol

D. Epinephrine

B. Insulin

What does the QRS complex on an ECG represent?

A. Atrial depolarization

B. Atrial repolarization

C. Ventricular depolarization

D. Ventricular repolarization

C. Ventricular depolarization

Which blood vessel layer is the innermost?

A. Tunica media

B. Tunica externa

C. Tunica intima

D. Lumen

C. Tunica intima

What is the role of albumin in the blood?

A. Clotting

B. Oxygen transport

C. Maintaining osmotic pressure

D. Hormone transport

C. Maintaining osmotic pressure

What happens during the absorptive state?

A. Glucose is released from glycogen

B. Lipids are broken down

C. Glucose is stored as glycogen

D. Proteins are used for energy

C. Glucose is stored as glycogen

What organ produces bile to aid in lipid digestion?

A. Pancreas

B. Stomach

C. Liver

D. Gallbladder

C. Liver

Which of the following transports excess cholesterol to the liver?

A. LDLs

B. HDLs

C. VLDLs

D. Chylomicrons

B. HDLs

What is the function of the SA node in the heart?

A. Contracts the ventricles

B. Delays the impulse to the ventricles

C. Acts as the heart's pacemaker

D. Increases stroke volume

C. Acts as the heart's pacemaker

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and regulates water balance?

A. Oxytocin

B. ADH

C. Aldosterone

D. Cortisol

B. ADH

Which process moves lymph through lymphatic vessels?

A. Cardiac contractions

B. Peristalsis

C. Skeletal muscle contraction and respiratory pressure changes

D. Active transport

C. Skeletal muscle contraction and respiratory pressure changes

Which part of the digestive tract is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption?

A. Stomach

B. Large intestine

C. Small intestine

D. Esophagus

C. Small intestine

What enzyme begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth?

A. Pepsin

B. Salivary amylase

C. Lipase

D. Lactase

B. Salivary amylase

Which pressure pushes fluid out of capillaries into tissues?

A. Osmotic pressure

B. Hydrostatic pressure

C. Oncotic pressure

D. Colloid pressure

B. Hydrostatic pressure

What type of shock results from severe blood loss?

A. Cardiogenic

B. Vascular

C. Hypovolemic

D. Neurogenic

C. Hypovolemic

Which blood vessel has valves to prevent backflow?

A. Arteries

B. Capillaries

C. Veins

D. Arterioles

C. Veins

What respiratory structure is the primary site for gas exchange?

A. Trachea

B. Bronchi

C. Alveoli

D. Bronchioles

C. Alveoli

Which ion is most responsible for depolarization in cardiac muscle cells?

A. Calcium

B. Potassium

C. Sodium

D. Chloride

C. Sodium

Which macronutrient is primarily used for long-term energy storage?

A. Proteins

B. Carbohydrates

C. Lipids

D. Nucleic acids

C. Lipids

Which process builds molecules and requires energy?

A. Catabolism

B. Anabolism

C. Glycolysis

D. Lipolysis

B. Anabolism

Which lipoprotein is known as 'bad cholesterol' and can contribute to atherosclerosis?
A. LDL

B. HDL

C. VLDL

D. Chylomicrons

A. LDL

Which hormone is released by beta cells of the pancreas to decrease blood glucose?

A. Glucagon

B. Cortisol

C. Insulin

D. Epinephrine

C. Insulin

Where are oxytocin and ADH produced?

A. Anterior pituitary

B. Adrenal cortex

C. Hypothalamus

D. Pancreas

C. Hypothalamus

Which component of blood is responsible for forming clots?

A. Red blood cells

B. White blood cells

C. Platelets

D. Plasma

C. Platelets

What does the hematocrit measure?

A. White blood cell percentage

B. Plasma protein level

C. Red blood cell volume

D. Hemoglobin saturation

C. Red blood cell volume

1.     Which valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium?

A. Aortic valve

B. Pulmonary valve

C. Tricuspid valve

D. Mitral valve

D. Mitral valve

What two factors determine cardiac output?

A. Blood pressure and resistance

B. Heart rate and stroke volume

C. Volume and viscosity

D. Preload and afterload

B. Heart rate and stroke volume

Where is blood flow the slowest to allow exchange of gases and nutrients?

A. Arteries

B. Veins

C. Capillaries

D. Arterioles

C. Capillaries

Which receptors detect blood pressure changes in arteries?

A. Chemoreceptors

B. Baroreceptors

C. Photoreceptors

D. Mechanoreceptors

B. Baroreceptors

What part of the brain regulates respiratory rate?

A. Cerebellum

B. Medulla oblongata

C. Hypothalamus

D. Cerebrum

B. Medulla oblongata

Which gas is the primary driver for respiration?

A. Oxygen

B. Carbon dioxide

C. Nitrogen

D. Argon

B. Carbon dioxide

Which organ secretes enzymes that digest proteins, fats, and carbohydrates?

A. Liver

B. Gallbladder

C. Pancreas

D. Stomach

C. Pancreas

What structure increases surface area for absorption in the small intestine?

A. Rugae

B. Villi and microvilli

C. Cilia

D. Crypts

B. Villi and microvilli