Period 5 Review

Sectionalism

Loyalty to regional interests (North vs. South) instead of the nation as a whole.

States’ Rights (Slavery)

Southern belief that states—not the federal government—could decide on slavery.

Popular Sovereignty

Idea that settlers vote to decide whether slavery is allowed in a territory.

Free Soil Movement

Movement opposing the expansion of slavery into western territories.

Compromise of 1850

California entered free; popular sovereignty in territories; stronger Fugitive Slave Act.

Fugitive Slave Act

Law requiring escaped slaves to be returned to enslavers; caused Northern resistance.

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Allowed popular sovereignty and repealed the Missouri Compromise.

Bleeding Kansas

Violent conflict between pro- and anti-slavery settlers in Kansas.

John Brown

Radical abolitionist who led the Harpers Ferry raid to spark a slave rebellion.

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Ruled enslaved people were not citizens and Congress could not ban slavery in territories.

Election of 1860

Lincoln’s victory without Southern support led to Southern secession.

Union Strengths

Industrial power, railroads, large population, and strong economy.

Confederate Strengths

Defensive war, experienced generals, and home-field advantage.

Emancipation Proclamation

Freed enslaved people in Confederate states and shifted the war’s goal to ending slavery.

Abraham Lincoln

President who preserved the Union and issued the Emancipation Proclamation.

Ulysses S. Grant

Union general who used total war and later became president.

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union general who led the March to the Sea.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederacy.

Robert E. Lee

Commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia.

Stonewall Jackson

Skilled Confederate general killed in 1863.

Fort Sumter (1861)

First battle of the Civil War.

Antietam (1862)

Bloodiest single-day battle; allowed Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

Gettysburg (1863)

Major Union victory and turning point of the Civil War.

Vicksburg (1863)

Gave the Union control of the Mississippi River.

Sherman’s March to the Sea

Total war campaign destroying Southern infrastructure and morale.

Presidential Reconstruction

Lenient plan focused on quickly restoring the Union.

Andrew Johnson

President who opposed Black equality and vetoed civil rights legislation.

Black Codes

Southern laws restricting the rights of African Americans after the Civil War.

Congressional Reconstruction

Radical Republican plan enforcing Black rights and Reconstruction amendments.

Military Districts

Southern states divided and enforced by federal troops.

Freedmen’s Bureau

Agency providing education, food, shelter, and aid to freed people.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in the United States.

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law.

15th Amendment

Prohibited denying voting rights based on race.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction by removing federal troops from the South.

Rutherford B. Hayes

President whose election resulted in the end of Reconstruction.

Jim Crow Laws

State laws enforcing segregation and voter suppression.

Main Causes of the Civil War

Sectionalism, slavery expansion, states’ rights, and the Election of 1860.

Impact of Emancipation Proclamation

Changed the war from preserving the Union to ending slavery.

Reconstruction Successes

Constitutional amendments, education, and Black political participation.

Reconstruction Failures

KKK violence, sharecropping, and Jim Crow laws.