stone exam 2

Diocletian

• Restored order after 3rd-century chaos

• Created the Tetrarchy (“rule of four”)

  • 2 Augusti (senior emperors)

  • 2 Caesars (junior emperors)

Strengths of Diocletians Division

• East → stronger, wealthier

• West → weaker

what happens after Diocletian retires?

system collapses into civil war

Constantine I

• Wins civil wars → sole ruler

• Moves capital to Byzantium → Constantinople

• Eastern Empire becomes the Byzantine Empire

lasts 1000 years longer than western Rome

Germanification

• Gradual process, NOT just invasion

• Germans:

  • Cross borders (trade, military service)

  • Settle & become Romanized

Border System

• After 9 AD defeat → Rome stops expansion

• Builds Limes Germanicus

  • Forts + watchtowers

BUT border is porous

Theodoric

• King of Ostrogoths

• marries Audofleda - Clovis sister

Clovis

• founder of the Merovingian king down (named for mythical meroveck)

• Frankish German king of the north

Government Structure of Merovingians

• Large kingdom → needed help

• Mayor of the Palace (assistant)

Muslim Expansion (711 AD)

North African Muslims (Moors) conquer Spain

Battle of Tours/Poitiers

• Frankish leader Charles Martel (“The Hammer”)

• Stops Muslim advance into Europe

Pepin

• Overthrows last Merovingian king - Childeric III

• Backed by the Pope

• Carolingian

Charlemagne

• builds huge empire

• crowned emperor of romans on xmas day by pope

• BUT fell apart by 3 grandsons who split his kingdom into 3rd

Treaty of Verdun (843)

• Divides Charlemagne roman empire 3 parts → future France & Germany

Roman rule timeline

1st → early 5th century

Romans occupied Britain, then

• Roman troops withdraw & abandoned by Rome

• Brits suffer German invasions

  • hired other germans to protect country but they wouldn’t leave = colonists

Anglo-Saxons

England became Germanic by Alfred the Great

Scandinavians began

1. Raiding

2. Trading

3. Colonizing as the Vikings

Norsemanland

• Normandy

• too many viking settlers (norseman)

• Hrolfr → Rallo (leader)

Two contenders for Anglo-Saxon England

• harold godwinson - wins

• William Duke of Normandy

Edward the Confessor died

2 invasions Harold deals with

• viking = north (defeats)

• Norman = south (killed during)

William siezes crown

Norman Conquest

• led by William, Duke of normandy

• Conquers England

• Land given to barons (chief followers) who spread across by building wooden forts (motte & Bailey)

• use A-S tax system (dooms day book)

Feudal System

1. God / Church

2. King

3. Nobles

4. Knights

5. Peasants / Serfs

Social Classes

• Freemen → own land

• Peasants → free, no land

• Serfs → tied to land (like slaves)

Manor System

• lowest holding

• Self-sufficient economic unit

How does the role of armored men (horseback) change

• fewer battles

• more seiges

Castles

• prior motte & Bailey

• captured by sieges

Siege methods

1. Surround & starve 

2. Assault 

   1. Ladders (escalade) 

   2. Siege towers 

   3. Battering rams 

   4. Stone throwers

      1. Small (mangonel)

      2. Large (terbuchet) 

   5. Undermining walls

Shift of sieges

Infantry + engineers + artillery = men became more important than knights

Decline of Knights (battles) Reasons

• Expensive & years of training

  • Page (7)

  • Squire (14)

  • Knight (21)

• New weapons (anti knight):

  • Longbow

  • Crossbow

  • Pike

knights held social fabric together

Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453)

• England fought an on-and-off long war to conquer France

3 major English victory battles of the hundred years war

• Crécy (1346)

• Poitiers (1356)

• Agincourt (1415)

won bc of missile troops w/ long bow

reason for knights to change from armored nobles → heavy cavalry

• more sieges

• more ways to stop them (longbows & crossbows)

• Gunpowder

Age of Gunpowder

1. Perhaps invented in China(?)

2. First western European mention perhaps Friar Roger Bacon, 1242 AD

3. First known illustration  – 1327

marks shift to modern warfare tech

Early Use of Gunpowder

combined with older weapons

Proof of Gunpowder Power

Fall of Constantinople

• Led by Mehmed II

• Used massive cannons (bombards)

• Destroyed:

  • Moat defenses

  • Double stone walls

Two construction methods of early cannons

1. Long Iron pieces + bands (like a barrel)

2. Cast in molds (like a bell)

Why was handcannon better?

• Required little training

• Cheap

• Easier than:

  • Longbows (years of practice)

  • Crossbows (heavy, slow)

Warfare becomes more accessible

The Sarissa

a long pike

Swiss Innovation

Prior battle tactic:

• pule arms

• wild charges

After:

• long pike blocks/squares

• missile troops

Swiss & Mercenaries

• Swiss sold themselves as mercenaries

• so popular, Germans sold imitation Swiss (landsknecht)

Renaissance armies would have

1. artillery 

2. Pikemen

3. Missle troops

4. Heavy cav.

5. Light cav. (scouting/ skirmishing, jinetes/ stradiots)

Economic change to renaissance army

• Trade increases

• Rise of:

  • Merchants

  • Manufacturers

Guilds

early trade unions which oversaw 

1. Training 

2. Quality 

3. Prices 

Northern Italy’s prosperity caused (political change)

1. Merchants + guides to run them 

2. independent of local feudal lords 

Englands political change

• Creates Parliament

  • Lords (land owners)

  • Commons (merchants)

fortifications

1. Motte and bailey 

2. Stone castle 

3. But tall, thin castle walls vulnerable to artillery

New defenses of Italian renaissance engineers

• Law 

• Earth backed

New Army Composition

1. Originally a pike black square 

2. Now this will become a tercio

Tercio

Military formation originally called the pike black square

advantages 

1. strong defense

2. combined arms

Disadvantages:

1. clumsy

2. Inefficient firing

Tercio has: 

1. Pikeman 

2. Sword + buckler men 

3. Missile troops (matchlock)

became everyones formation for a while

Dutch Military Innovation

• struggles to escape Spanish control bc out spent & out numbered, so…

• mourice of nassau invented new dutch formations

  • roman triplex acids

Background to the English Civil War

• King: Charles I

• Conflict with Parliament (House of Commons) for treason & executed

• shocked people all over Europe - especially Monarchs

Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther

• Criticized indulgences (paid pardons for sins) to archbishops

• Published ideas (possibly nailed to church door)

Results:

• Kicked out of Catholic Church

• Created:

  • Protestantism

  • Lutheran Church

Protestantism & Lutheran

• protest which ended in the new form of christianity (protestant)

• New church foundation (lutheran)

• people were responsible for their own should that they should read bible themselves

• Luther translated bible from latin → German & press printed (new testament first, then old)

John Calvin

• founded Calvinism (branch of protestant)

• forced to flee France → Switzerland

Both protestantism & calvinism spread across northern (even) & western (uneven)

 Henry VIII

• had affair with wife’s friend who was pregnant

• applied to pope for divorce → denied bc of wife’s relation to most powerful man in Central Europe

Resulting in:

• divorce the church & setting up own church - Church of England

• assist - Archbishop of Canterbury

• married 4 more times, got sickly son in process

Major Action of Henry VIII

• abolished huge # of religious establishments & sold their assets

  • “Dissolution of the Monasteries”

• Majority of England became protestant w/ little struggle

St. Bartholomew’s of 1572

Catholics attempted to remove the major leaders of the Protestant movement with one blow

Henry IV of France Actions

• he converted to Catholicism

• issues the Edict of Nantes

  • tolerance for 10% of France that were protestant

• Tried to reorganize France → modern country

Richelieu believed in 2 things

1. kings were appointed to their role by God = Divine right of kings

2. that the king should be at the center of everything = Absolutism (legalism in china)

Wars of La Fronde

revolt among cities & nobles

Louis XIV

• “sun King”

• ruled after Fronde

• Policies:

  • Centralized power

  • Built Palace of Versailles

  • Revoked Edict of Nantes (1685)

what was matchlock replaced by?

Flintlock muskets

• limited range

what was the pike replacement?

Bayonet

• plug bayonet = blocks

• Ring Bayonet = allowed for shooting

Hand Grenades

• grenadier → elite troops

Guerilla War

• French + native Americans vs. English settlers

French Blocked English westward movements by?

Forts = edge of territory

what did the French rely on during Guerrilla War?

• colonial troops

• militia

• native Americans

7 years War

• fought around the globe Canada → Europe → India

• WWI

Major part of Warfare during Seven years war

• siege (earthworks = parallels) & battles

• Vauban = famous engineer designer of fortification

Battle of Delta

• Rameses III defended Egypt against Sea peoples

• Pharaohs tricked sea people & ambushed them

minoans/myseneans role in naval

• oversea traders

• small illustrations but not accounts

The Trireme

• athenians battle ship (became major sea power)

• fighting tactics:

  • boarding

  • Bronze ram (main weapon)

Battle at Salamis

• Greek v. Persians

• Persians won

Punic Wars

• Rome vs. Carthage

• Roman invention = Curvus (“crow”) = a spiked boarding bridge

  • turns naval into land battle

• Battle at economos = biggest naval battle *major Carthaginian defeat*

How did the Byzantines main the fleet?

• Dromon (“runner”) shifts

• smaller faster craft

• terror weapon = greek fire

Major tactic of fire gunpowder on ships

• broadside cannons

Industrial shifts

• steam boats replace sails

• 1st steam warship = nemesis

Naval arms races

• La Glorie

vs.

• English HMS Carrie (steam & iron hulls)