Salt and water physio

How can plants conserve water?

reduced leaves, smaller leaves, rolled leaves, thick waxy cuticle, controlling stomata opening and closing, stomata in pits, CAM and C4 physio, low growth, and growing deep roots

Plants do not have an _______.

excretory system, so they get rid of waste by storing the substance in some plant tissue that can be shed or by diffusion of gas and water out the stomata

What is photosynthetic waste?

in plants, oxygen and water can be looked upon as waste product of photosynthesis

what are respiratory wastes

carbon dioxide and water are waste products of respiration

Water is lost through_____

transpiration or just used for maintaining the turgor in the cells

How are organic acids formed?

as a byproduct of respiration

What are resins

nonvolatile substances probably formed by the oxidation of essential oils.

what are gums?

they are formed by the decomposition of the cellulose of the cell wall (oozes out of stems and trunks of trees)

What are some other excretory products of plants?

essential oils, tannin-secondary metabolite that serves as a protection against herbivores, latex-white milky emulsion of proteins, alkaloids are nitrogenous waste products

What adaptations do freshwater plants display?

show adaptations that reduce water uptake and conserve solutes.

What characteristics describe marine mammals?

Have strongly hypertonic urine, blood is hypotonic to seawater, do NOT drink sea water, and breathe air so they don’t expose respiratory surface to salt water

How do marine animals gain water?

metabolism and ingesting food

how do marine animals gain salts?:

ingestion of food

how do marine animals lose water?

through respiration, milk, and feces and urine

how do marine animals lose salts?

hypertonic urine, milk, and feces

what is osmoregulation of mammals in freshwater

fish: blood is hypertonic to freshwater.

Problems: passively gain water by osmosis and passively lose ions/electrolytes by diffusion

solutions: don’t drink water, produce copious amount of urine, add electrolytes by diet and active transport

osmoregulation on land

problems: lose water by evaporation and urine, lose ion/electrolytes by urine

solutions: drink water, regulate urine production, and add electrolytes by diet

how do land animals manage their water budgets?

by drinking and eating moist foods, by using metabolic water, and managing water loss

Describe desert animals

large body size, all species of large herbivores require a considerable amount of external water

How do camels conserve water so well?

counter currents keep their brains cool even when the rest of the body rises in temp, thick glossy coat, can produce dry feces and very concentrated urine, minimize heat loss/gain behaviorally, high tolerance for dehydration

seed eating mammals live in deserts without needing to ____

drink; depend off behavior selection of microhabitats, supplement diets with water rich diet, countercurrent exchange in nasal passages, long loops of henle that allow very hypertonic urine to blood concentration

sources of water in terrestrial animals

drinking and metabolic water

the key problem with humans drinking salt water is _________

the elimination of Cl-; it requires more water to void the Cl in saltwater than there is water in salt water

metabolic water in animals

water produced by the processing of lipids and carbohydrates, generally nutrients + 02 →co2 + H20 + chemical energy + heat

what produces water?

catabolism

what does anabolism do?

uses water and creates an obligatory water loss

Why does metabolic water matter most in animals that conserve water effectively?

The amount of metabolic water produced is fined by chemistry and for any given food type all animals produces the same amount of metabolic water

What are the types of water loss?

1. catabolism

2. Urine

3. Respiration

4. Feces

5. Evaporation across the skin

6. Breast feeding, diet, and type of nitrogenous waste

What is obligatory water loss of catabolism?

Must take place for catabolism to occur, matters most in animals that conserves water efficiently

what is obligatory water loss to urine?

mandated by the ingestion or catabolism of food, protein catabolism usually has the highest, and excretion of waste obligate water excretion

How can water loss in urine be reduced?

By producing concentrated urine or by producing poorly soluble nitrogenous end products

What are the three groups of animals that can make urine hyperosmotic to their blood?

insects, birds, and mammals

What is obligatory respiratory water loss?

Amount of water that is lost in order to obtain O2 for catabolism and evaporation across the respiratory surface

what are land and water problems?

evaporation is important to the understanding the relations of animals to atmospheric water in terrestrial environments. terrestrial animals have respiratory surfaces directly exposed to air, but most animals have evolved invaginated respiratory surfaces with integuments impermeable to O2 and CO2.

How is water conserved in the respiratory system?

having an internal respiratory surface and cooling of exhaled air using nasal passages by countercurrent exchange mechanisms.

What does respiratory evaporative water loss depend directly on?

an animals rate of oxygen consumption (metabolic rate) and the amount of water lost per unit of oxygen consumed (may be reduced by countercurrent cooling in the nasal exhalant air

The rate of water loss through respiration is equal to_____

the rate of oxygen consumption times the water loss per unit of oxygen consumed

what is obligatory fecal water loss

water loss in feces due to catabolism of ingested food

what is water loss across the integument

terrestrial animals show varying degrees of skin permeability to water loss, within a group the total amount of water loss is an allometric function to body size.

the animals with the lowest total rates of evaporative water loss are those that __________

combine the advantages of low integumentary permeability to water, tightly controlled access of air to breathing organs, and low metabolic rates

What is a key to reducing evaporative water loss on land?

a low integumentary permeability to water

Skin: Mammals, birds, and nonavian reptiles

layers are complexes of lipids and keratins in the outermost layer of the epidermis, often associated with oil glands to further reduce water loss, some species have sweat glands for thermoregulation

What are the other avenues of water loss?

Diet (protein rich foods can be dehydrating for terrestrial animals,

nitrogenous waste (processing requires water for lysis),

milk production in lactating females

What are the two principle types of body fluids?

Intracellular (inside cells) and extracellular (outside cells)

What are the body fluid compartments?

interstitial fluid (between cells), blood plasma (part of blood), and lymph

Blood plasma usually has _______

higher protein than interstitial fluid

Interstitial fluid can be affected by the type of ______

capillaries in the tissues

What are continuous capillaries?

uninterrupted lining and only allow smaller molecules, such as water and ions to diffuse through tight junctions.

what are fenestrated capillaries?

have pores in the endothelial cells, some are spanned by a diaphragm that allow small molecules and limited amounts of proteins to diffuse. In the renal glomerulus there are cells with no diaphragms called podocyte foot processes that have slit pores. Both of these types of blood vessels have continuous basal lamina and are primarily located in the endocrine gland, intestines, pancreas, and glomeruli of kidney

what are sinusoidal capillaries?

a special type of fenestrated capillaries that have larger openings in the endothelium, they allow red and white blood cells and various serum proteins to pass aided by a discontinuous basal lamina; are primarily located in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and adrenal gland, liver, and spleen

what is osmoregulation?

is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure

what is ionic regulation?

maintenance of a relatively constant (inorganic ion) in the blood plasma and each ion has specific physiological controls

what is volume regulation?

is the regulation of the total amount of water in the body fluids

What are the three simultaneous effects of influx of water into an animals body has?

1. It will lower the osmotic pressure of the blood plasma

2. It will dilute ions in the blood plasma

3. It will increase the volume of the blood plasma

volume regulation applies to ____________

interstitial and intracellular fluids

what is volume conformity?

completely passive changes in body-fluid volume and its driven by osmosis

what is osmolarity?

the solute concentration of a solution, determines the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

If two solutions differ in osmolarity, the net flow of water is from the ________ to the ________ solution

hypo-osmotic to the hyper-osmotic

what is hypertonic solution? (relative to the cell)

solute concentration of solution higher than the cell, more dissolved particles outside of the cell than inside of the cell; water moves out of the cell into the solution, cell shrinks

What is the hypotonic solution? (relative to the cell)

The solute concentration of solution lower than the cell, less dissolved particles outside of the cell than inside the cell, water moves into the cell from solution, cell expands

what is an isotonic solution?

The solute concentration is equal to that of the cell (no net water movement)