AP Psychology: Mental and Physical Health

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Stressful or traumatic experiences, including abuse, neglect, and a range of household dysfunction, such as witnessing domestic violence or growing up with substance abuse, mental disorders, parental discord, or crime in the home.

General Adaptation Syndrome

Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion

problem-focused coping

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

emotion-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

diathesis-stress model

a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

6 Virtues of Positive Psychology

wisdom
knowledge
courage
love
humanity/justice
temperance

Dorothea Dix

Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums

DSM-5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

American Psychological Association (APA)

professional organization representing psychologists in the United States

Free Association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

latent content

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

manifest content

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream

client-centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

active listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

flooding

a treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless

systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

Token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

cognitive behavior therapy

a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Lobotomy

A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

theraputic touch

form of manual therapy where the energy of the recipient is rebalanced which promotes health and healing. not massage, hands don't touch body

EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing)

the therapist asks a person to recall unpleasant memories and at the same time gives instructions for moving the eyes.

placebo effect

the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

acrophobia

fear of heights

arachniphobia

fear of spiders

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).

PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Valium (diazepam)

Antianxiety

Major depressive disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

a mood disorder caused by the body's reaction to low levels of sunlight in the winter months

persistent depressive disorder

a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depressive disorder

bipolar disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

Prozac, Zoloft, Cymbalta

SSRI

SSRI

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Schizophrenia

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

flat affect

a lack of emotional responsiveness

tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors

Antipsychotic

a drug that opposes psychoses

dissociative identity disorder

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

dissociative amnesia

Dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.

dissociative fugue

disorder in which one travels away from home and is unable to remember details of his past, including often his identity

paranoid personality disorder

type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others

schizoid personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion

schizotypal personality disorder

Person has several traits that causes interpersonal problems, including inappropriate affect, paranoid/magical thinking, off beliefs

antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

histrionic personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior

narcissistic personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by exaggerated ideas of self-importance and achievements; preoccupation with fantasies of success; arrogance

borderline personality disorder

condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control

avoidant personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.

dependent personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of.

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control

conversion disorder

A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.

ADHD

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Autism Spectrum Disorder

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

eustress

A positive stress that energizes a person and helps a person reach a goal

distress

extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain

tend-and-befriend theory

a behavioral response to stress that is focused on protecting offspring (tending) and seeking others for mutual defense (befriending)

International Classification of Mental Disorders (ICD)

The World Health Organization developed the International Classification of Mental Disorders (ICD) to classify mental disorders. These classification systems are updated regularly to be responsive to new research and practice advances.

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

biopsychosocial model

a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

the use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study brain regions

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive