PHA6117 LAB: Evaluation of Drugs

PHARMACOGNOSY

applied science that deals with biochemical, biological and economic features of biological products and its origin

crude form

PHARMACOGNOSY deals with medicinal plants in their _________

EVALUATION OF DRUGS

identification and determination of quality and purity

1. Organoleptic

2. Microscopic

3. Biological

4. Chemical

5. Physical

METHODS OF EVALUATION

Organoleptic

Macroscopic - use of senses

Microscopic

- identification of pure and powdered drug

Biological

- use of living organisms to determine pharmacologic activity

digitalis

pigeon

glucagon

cat

atropine

cat

heparin

sheep

oxytocin

chicken

Parathyroid hormone

dog

insulin

rabbit

vasopressin (antiduretic)

rat

cod liver oil

rachitic rat

Chemical

best method of determining official potency

Physical

application of physical constants to achieve principles of drug

Shape and Size; External Color and Internal Markings; Fracture and Internal Colors; Odor and Taste

Macroscopic characteristics of drugs

1. entire plant; 2. in longitudinal slices; 3. in oblique or transverse slices; 4. cut in small cubical pieces; 5. broken into pieces

Occurrences

cylindrical; subcylindrical; conical; fusiform; ovoid; pyriform; terete; disc shaped

According to shape

white; yellowish brown; yellowish gray; reddish orange; brownish black; gray (from clay dust)

According to external color

furrows; wrinkles; annulations; fissures; nodules; projections; scars

According to external markings

furrows

alternating ridges and valleys which are more or less parallel, well defined and usually due to shrinkage of the internal parts caused by drying

wrinkles

ACCORDING TO EXTERNAL MARKINGS

fine or delicate furrows

annulations

transverse ring-like markings

fissures

splits extending into the tissues

nodules

rounded outgrowths on the surface

projections

such as roots, stem-bases and buds

scars

leaf scars, stem-base scar, root scar, bud scar, bud-scale scar

Complete; Incomplete; Short; Fibrous; Splintery; Brittle; Tough; Weak

Terms in describing fractures

Complete

breaking clean across

Incomplete

breaking only part way across

Short

a clean smooth break with a quick snap

Fibrous

a slow giving break with resistance and with projection of fibers from broken surfaces

Splintery

breaking irregularly across into pieces with larger and smaller projecting edges and splinters

Brittle

easily broken usually into many pieces when dropped into a hard surface

Tough

breaking with difficulty

Weak

breaking with little effort

Even; Uneven, Granular, Hard, Horny, Mealy, Resinous, Conchoidal, Waxy

Terms in describing fractured surface

Even

a smooth surface

Uneven

an irregular broken surface

Granular

MORPHOLOGY OF BARK

grain-like appearance

Hard

FRACTURED SURFACE

compact surface

Horny

horn-like surface

Mealy

FRACTURED SURFACE TERMS

powdering due to abundance of starch

Resinous

smooth glossy surface

Conchoidal

resinous surface with curved convex and concave fashion

Waxy

dull wax like surface

Bark

woody exogenous stem or root that lies outside of the cambium ring

flat or transversely curved pieces; single quills; double quills

Occurrences of Bark

Outer; Inner;

Two surfaces of bark

External color of bark

varies from brownish gray to brownish black

Internal color of bark

lighter than outer, some almost white

Lenticels; Lichens with Apothecia; Corky Ridges; Fissures; Adhering Mosses

Characteristic markings on outer surface of Bark

Short and weak; tough and fibrous

bark fractures

Wood

exogenous stem or root that lies inside of the cambium ring

Sapwood; Heartwood

Two Parts of Wood

Sapwood

portion of the wood which • lies near the cambium ring

Sapwood

part of wood that still functions in the vegetative process

Sapwood

part of wood that is usually white

Heartwood

inner layers of wood

Heartwood

ceased to function in the transportation of sap

Heartwood

part of wood that is highly colored (Red Saunders)

Chips; Rasping; Shavings

Occurrences of Wood

Striated from fibers; Porous

Wood Markings

venatio; texture of leaf; hairs or other characteristics of upper and lower surfaces

External markings of Leaves and Leaflets

Flowers

include flower heads and floral parts such as stigmas and corollas

globular; ellipsoidal; ovoid; reniform; conical

Usual forms of fruits and seeds

Crude Drugs

items which do not possess a definite histological structure

Crude Drugs

products formed in the metabolic processes of plants

Crude Drugs

pathological products or have undergone some special pharmaceutical or physical treatment

Gums

Adhesive, viscous secretions wherein it hardens upon drying Sticky Property

Resins

Amorphous (no definite shape), color can be transparent or translucent but vs gums, the texture is hard so when it is subjected to heat it will melt

found most of the time in gymnosperms

gum-resins

Mixture of gums and resins

mucilages

viscous, gelatinous sometimes; For making emulsions

oleoresins

combination of resin and volatile oil

inspissated juices

Juices expressed from fresh plants which are later on evaporated to be more concentrated

Latex

coagulates upon exposure to air

Tars

Dark brown or black viscous liquids of hydrocarbons

extracts

- Extracting a part of a raw material •

- Eg macerate leaves in alcohol

1. gums

2. resins

3. gum-resins

4. mucilages

5. oleoresins

6. inspissated juices

7. latex

8. tars

9. extracts

Crude drugs

Tears; Angular Masses; Agglutinized masses

Crude drug Occurences

tears

small rounded masses formed naturally as the exudation hardens

angular masses

broken up material that has hardened in the container

agglutinized masses

harden portions massed with soft material

volatile oils, fixed oils, glycosides, alkaloids, etc; considered from the chemical standpoint

No morphological characteristics

Odor

depends on amount of volatile constituents it contains

Aromatic, Balsamic, Spicy, Alliaceous, Camphoraceous, terebinthinate

General Terms of Odor

Taste

particular sensation excited by certain substances when in contact with special organs in portions of the epithelial layer of the mouth

Taste

quality or savor of the substance

1. possess true taste; 2. no taste; 3. characteristic odor; 4. distinctive sensation to tongue

Classification according to taste

acid or sour; saline or salty; saccharine or sweet; alkaline; bitter

True Taste

tasteless or insipid; substances insoluble in saliva

No Taste

1. aromatic 2. balsamic 3. spicy

Characteristic Odor Agreeable

camphoraceous; terebinthinate

Characteristic Odor Disagreeable

mucilaginous

produce a soft, slimy feeling

oily

produce a bland, smooth feeling

astringent

produce contraction of tissues of mouth, causing a puckering feeling

pungent

produce warm heating sensation