AMSCO AP World History 8.5 - 8.9

Muslim League

founded in 1906, advocated a separate nation for Indian Muslims

Kwame Nkrumah

Ghana’s first president, who took office in 1960

one-party state

a political system in which one party controls the government

Organization of African Unity (OAU)

founded by Nkrumah in 1963 to promote African unity

Algerian War for Independence

began in 1954 as Algerians campaigned for independence from France

Charles de Gaulle

French president who planned the steps through which Algeria would gain independence

Algerian Civil War

a bloody conflict in Algeria from 1991 to 2002 that followed the cancellation of an election

Ho Chi Minh

the communist leader of North Vietnam who appealed to nationalist feelings to unite Vietnam under a single communist government

Viet Cong

South Vietnamese who supported the Communists and fought a guerrilla war against U.S. troops

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Egyptian leader who helped overthrow the king in 1952 and promoted Pan-Arabism

Suez Crisis

the 1956 international crisis that followed Nasser’s seizure of the Suez Canal

Biafran Civil War

the Nigerian civil war that began in 1967 when the Igbos in the southeast tried to secede and form Biafra

Quiet Revolution

the 1960s movement in Quebec that brought major political and social change and increased demands for separation

Zionist movement

a movement that began in the 1890s and urged the creation of a separate Jewish state

Six-Day War

the 1967 war in which Israel fought on three fronts and gained Gaza, the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights

Yom Kippur War

the 1973 war in which Israel repelled a surprise invasion by Egypt and Syria

Camp David Accords

the peace agreement mediated by Jimmy Carter between Menachem Begin of Israel and Anwar Sadat of Egypt

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)

an organization whose longtime leader Yasser Arafat sought the return of occupied lands and an independent Palestinian nation

Fatah

the Palestinian faction that controlled the West Bank

Hamas

the Palestinian faction that controlled Gaza

Khmer Rouge

the communist guerrilla organization led by Pol Pot that overthrew Cambodia’s government and imposed a ruthless form of communism

Kashmir

a border region in the mountainous north claimed by both India and Pakistan

Sirimavo Bandaranaike

the world’s first female prime minister, elected in Ceylon (later Sri Lanka) in 1960

Indira Gandhi

India’s leader from 1966 who strengthened India’s economy but later declared a national emergency in 1975

Benazir Bhutto

Pakistan’s prime minister in 1988 and the first elected female leader of a majority Muslim country

Julius Nyerere

Tanzania’s first president, who promoted ujamaa and an egalitarian, cooperative approach to development

metropole

a large city of a former colonial ruler

Martin Luther King Jr.

the prominent African American civil rights leader whose movement used nonviolent tactics in the United States

Nelson Mandela

the South African lawyer and leader of black resistance to apartheid, known for leading nonviolent protests

Wladyslaw Gomulka

Polish Communist Party leader who came to power in 1956 and pursued a more independent domestic policy while remaining loyal to the Soviet Union

Imre Nagy

Hungarian leader who declared Hungary’s freedom from Soviet control in 1956 and was later captured and executed by the Soviets

Prague Spring

the 1968 reform movement in Czechoslovakia that sought greater freedom and democracy

Alexander Dubček

Czechoslovak Communist Party leader who accepted demands for greater freedom of speech, press, travel, and democracy

Brezhnev Doctrine

the Soviet policy that justified intervention when a socialist country threatened the Soviet Union or its allies

Kent State University

the Ohio university where National Guard troops killed four unarmed students during an antiwar protest in 1970

Irish Republican Army (IRA)

the Catholic group that fought in Northern Ireland and used violence and terrorism to pursue political goals

Ulster Defence Association

the Protestant group in Northern Ireland that opposed the IRA in the Catholic-Protestant conflict

Basque Homeland and Freedom (ETA)

a separatist organization founded in 1959 that sought independence for the Basque region in northern Spain

Abimael Guzmán

the former philosophy professor who created Peru’s revolutionary organization Shining Path

Shining Path

the Peruvian revolutionary organization that used bombings and assassinations in an effort to overthrow the government and establish communism

Ronald Reagan

U.S. president who increased pressure on the Soviet Union in the 1980s and called for missile defense through SDI

Mikhail Gorbachev

the Soviet leader who came to power in 1985 and promoted reform through perestroika and glasnost

détente

a relaxation of strained relations between nations

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)

the 1972 agreement designed to freeze the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles each superpower could keep

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

Reagan’s missile defense program, nicknamed “Star Wars,” intended to destroy Soviet nuclear missiles targeting the United States or its allies

perestroika

Gorbachev’s attempt to restructure the Soviet economy by allowing elements of free enterprise

glasnost

Gorbachev’s policy of opening up Soviet society and the political process by granting greater freedom

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF)

the 1987 treaty that restricted intermediate-range nuclear weapons