8- Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism

1. What is the most common reason for hypercalcemia:

1. Excessive intestinal Ca++ absorption.

2. Excessive oral calcium intake.

3. Excessive production of parathormone (PTH).

4. Excessive amounts of calcitonin.

5. Calcium deficiency in the urine.

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2. Vitamin D3 deficiency leads to:

1. Impaired intestinal calcium absorption.

2. Hypoparathyroidism.

3. Impaired calcitonin production.

4. More effective bone remodelling.

5. A block of the alkaline phosphatase of the osteoblasts.

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3. Which condition corresponds to osteomalacia:

1. Hypothyroidism.

2. Osteoporosis.

3. Hypoparathyroidism.

4. Rickets.

5. Hypervitaminosis D.

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4. Impaired bone mineralisation leads to:

1. Osteoporosis.

2. Osteopetrosis.

3. Osteodystrophy.

4. Osteomalacia.

5. Osteolysis.

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5. The most common reason for primary hyperparathyroidism is:

1. Adenoma of the parathyroid glands.

2. Hypophosphatemia.

3. Hypervitaminosis D

4. Cellular hyperplasia of the thyroid gland.

5. Parathyroid carcinoma.

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6. What is the effect of alkalosis on the ionized calcium:

1. No effect.

2. Elevates it.

3. Decreases it.

4. Increases ionized calcium activity.

5. Different effects, depending on the ammount of ionized

calcium.

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7. All the following are consequences of hypocalcemia except one.

Point it out:

1. Osteopenia.

2. Osteopetrosis.

3. Senile osteoporosis.

4. Osteomalacia.

5. Osteodystrophy.

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8. Hypocalcemia could be present in all of the following conditions

except one, which is it:

1. Hypovitaminosis D3.

2. Hypoparathyroidism.

3. Malabsorption syndrome.

4. Rickets.

5. Adenoma of the parathyroid glands

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9. The main reason for postmenopausal osteoporosis is:

1. Estrogen deficiency with insufficient calcium intake.

2. Reduced physical activity.

3. Postmenopausal obesity.

4. Polypragmasia after menopause.

5. Disturbed libido.

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10. Hypercalcemia DOES NOT lead to:

1. Calcinosis.

2. Adynamia.

3. Peptic ulcers in the digestive system.

4. Tetania.

5. Depression and reduced labour capacity.

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11. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is present in:

1. Hypercalcemia.

2. Hypervitaminosis D.

3. Milk alkali syndrome.

4. Graves' disease.

5. Long-lasting hypocalcemia.

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12. Hypercalcemia is a prerequisite for:

1. Urolithiasis.

2. Nephrocalcinosis.

3. Renal cyst formation.

4. Hyperparathyroidism.

5. 1, 2.

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13. Which one is NOT affected by calcium dysbalance:

1. Hemostasis.

2. Neuro-muscular excitability.

3. Bone metabolism.

4. Cellular signal transmission.

5. Parathormone secretion.

6. Hypoxic stimulation of erythropoietin.

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