Summary of Social Demography

These flashcards cover key concepts, individuals, and definitions related to social demography, including demographics, migration, mortality rates, and historical perspectives.

Who is considered the father of formal, analytical demography?

John Graunt.

What did Thomas R. Malthus predict regarding population growth?

Population would grow beyond the food supply, leading to imbalance causing wars and famine.

What is the Malthusian catastrophe?

The imbalance between population growth and resources, particularly food supply.

What is social demography?

The study of the relationship between demographic events and societal events.

What did Adolphe Quetelet contribute to demography?

He applied statistical techniques to populations and coined the term 'demography'.

What is the difference between de jure and de facto population?

De jure refers to the official population registered legally, while de facto refers to those present in a given area regardless of legal status.

What does the Fundamental Demographic Equation represent?

N(T) = N(0) + B[0, T] - D[0, T] + I[0, T] - E[0, T], representing the population at time T.

What is a cohort in demography?

A group of individuals born at the same time and followed through time.

What type of demography emphasizes cultural aspects?

Anthropological demography.

What is historical demography concerned with?

The study of past population growth and changes, often with limited data.

What is longitudinal approach in demographic studies?

Following a cohort over time.

What are demographic processes?

Means through which population changes occur, like births, deaths, immigration, and emigration.

What does the term 'demographic inertia' refer to?

The tendency of population growth to continue even after fertility rates decline.

What is the crude birth rate formula?

CBR = B[0, T] / PY[0, T].

How is the dependency ratio calculated?

DR = (N0-14 + N65+) / N15-64 * 100.

What are the causes of population ageing?

Decline in fertility rates and increase in life expectancy.

What is nuptiality?

The formation or deformation of couples through marriage or cohabitation.

What did the demographic transition model illustrate?

The transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a society develops.

What is the total fertility rate (TFR)?

The average number of children a woman would have based on current age-specific fertility rates.

What is the difference between natality and fertility?

Natality refers to births in the population, while fertility specifically pertains to the capacity to have children.

What does 'mortality transition' indicate?

The transition from high mortality rates due to infectious diseases to lower rates due to chronic diseases.

What are some causes of infant mortality?

Genetic conditions, poor healthcare access, and maternal health.

What is direct standardization in mortality rates?

Applying the standard age structure to calculate expected mortality rates.

What is the demographic significance of sex ratios?

Indication of gender discrimination, particularly in countries with preference for male children.

What concept does the IPAT model explain?

The impact of human activity on the environment based on population, affluence, and technology.

What is the difference between push and pull migration factors?

Push factors drive people away from home, while pull factors attract them to new areas.

What are remittances in relation to migration?

Money sent back home by migrants to support their families or communities.

What are the two main periods of migration in Europe?

Post WWII to the oil crisis and post oil crisis to today.

What does the term 'refugee' imply?

A person who has been forced to flee their country due to persecution or conflict.

What role did John Graunt play in early demography?

He published mortality statistics and is credited with introducing life tables.

How did Malthus view the relationship between population and food supply?

He believed that population growth would outpace food supply.

What did Quetelet discover about human characteristics?

He found that some characteristics (like intelligence) follow a normal distribution.

Why is age structure important in demography?

It helps to understand population dynamics and dependency ratios.

What is the meaning of demographic transition?

The shift from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates.

What does nuptiality refer to in demographic studies?

The marriage patterns and trends in a population.

What factors contribute to the definition of a migrant?

Permanent or semi-permanent change of residence, crossing political boundaries.

What can cause demographic inertia in a population?

High numbers of individuals of reproductive age continuing to produce offspring.

What is the significance of life tables in demography?

They calculate life expectancy and describe mortality patterns.

How does urbanization relate to migration?

It creates economic opportunities that attract rural populations to cities.

What is the impact of socio-economic status on health outcomes?

Lower socio-economic status is associated with higher mortality rates.

What describes the dependency ratio?

The ratio of dependent individuals (young and elderly) to the working-age population.

What effects does high fertility have on child development?

Increased resource allocation and investment in fewer children.

What demographic changes did Europe undergo post WWII?

Increased migration and changes in living arrangements, such as cohabitation.

What do fertility transition theories emphasize?

The transition factors related to economic change and cultural shifts.

In mortality studies, what is the difference between crude and age-specific rates?

Crude rates consider the whole population, while age-specific rates focus on particular age groups.

What are the main drivers of migration according to the push-pull model?

Economic opportunities and personal safety.

What is life expectancy?

The average number of years a person is expected to live based on current mortality rates.

Define migration efficiency. What does a positive value indicate?

It's calculated from I[0, T] - O[0, T] over I[0, T] + O[0, T]; a positive value indicates net gain.

What is the significance of migrations in social demography?

It helps explain population changes and the dynamics of various societies.

What is the role of remittances in developing countries?

They serve as a source of income and economic stability for families.

What are some modern challenges to demographic studies?

Data reliability, changing definitions, and the complexity of migration patterns.

Explain demographic inertia. What results in it?

It occurs when a young population continues to grow even after fertility rates decline.

What are proximate determinants of fertility?

Factors directly influencing childbearing, like contraceptive use and fecundity.

Discuss the demographic transition stages. What are they?

High fertility/high mortality, declining mortality, and low fertility/low mortality.

What do life tables evaluate?

They evaluate mortality patterns and the probability of survival at various ages.

What defines the population structure?

The distribution of a population by age and sex.

What does the sex ratio indicate?

It indicates the proportion of males to females in a population.

Define acute and chronic diseases in the context of epidemiological transition.

Acute diseases are infectious and decline with public health improvements; chronic diseases are increasingly prevalent as societies evolve.

What do historical studies indicate about socio-economic status and mortality?

Higher socio-economic status typically correlates with lower mortality rates.

What is the distinction between refugees and asylum seekers?

Refugees have fled due to persecution and have protection, while asylum seekers are awaiting recognition.

What are the causes of population growth in low-income countries?

Higher fertility rates and slower transitions in mortality reductions.

What demographic trends characterize migration in Belgium?

Instability in migration waves due to economic and policy changes.

What implications does demographic change have for social structures?

It affects family compositions, economic opportunities, and intergenerational support.

Describe the importance of data quality in demographic research.

Accurate data is essential for reliable demographic analyses and policy decisions.

What factors drive the feminization of migration?

Increased economic opportunities for women and gender-based migration dynamics.

What is the net migration balance?

The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants in a population.

What role does technology play in migration patterns?

Improves communication, reduces costs, and increases opportunities for movement.

What does the term 'statistical discrepancy' refer to in demographic studies?

Differences between reported data and actual population dynamics.

Define the term 'seasonal migration'.

Movement that occurs at certain times of the year due to labor needs or environmental factors.

What does the demographic indicator 'crude death rate' represent?

The total number of deaths in a population over a specific time divided by population size.

What innovations in health have influenced mortality rates significantly?

Advancements in medical treatment, vaccines, and public health measures.

How can education impact fertility rates?

Higher education levels often correlate with lower fertility rates due to delayed childbearing.

What challenges existed in measuring historical mortality rates?

Lack of data and unreliable records in earlier periods.

What does the term 'placement scale' refer to in migration policies?

Regulations determining how and where immigrants can settle.

What is the relationship between fertility rates and economic development?

As economies grow, fertility rates tend to decline due to better living standards.

How does migration contribute to cultural diversity?

Migrants bring diverse cultural practices and perspectives to host societies.