Global History 1 H Final Exam

What was the first capital city of the Rus’ people?

The first capital city of the Rus' people was Kiev, which became an important political and cultural center in Eastern Europe during the early medieval period.

Why did the conquered provinces resent the Aztecs?

The resentment towards Aztec rule arose due to heavy tribute demands and the use of conquered people for human sacrifices.

Mandate of Heaven

the belief that a just ruler had divine approval to govern, while a ruler who failed to govern justly could be overthrown.

Incan Government

was a centralized system ruled by the Sapa Inca, who held absolute power, and utilized a bureaucracy to manage their vast empire, similar to socialism with state control over resources and land.

Triple Alliance

a military and political alliance between the Aztecs, Texcoco, and Tlacopan, which enabled them to dominate the region.

The hunter-gatherer way of life made it impossible for…

people to live in permanent dwellings

Cyrillic

is an alphabet used for various Slavic languages, originating from the Greek script. It is the name of the Russian alphabet.

Tenochtitlan

the planned, island city that was the center of the Aztec Empire, known for its impressive architecture and complex canal system.

Orthodox Christianity

the branch of Christianity that was cemented as the state religion of the Byzantine Empire

Czar

the title that Ivan the Great took as the leader of Russia

Code of Hammurabi

the set of laws established by Hammurabi that governed various aspects of life in ancient Mesopotamia, contributing to the development of civilization because it recorded laws for all to see

Neolithic Revolution

the pivotal period in human history, characterized by the development of agriculture and the transition from nomadic lifestyles to settled farming communities, started in the Fertile Crescent

Characteristics of Civilizations refer to features…

such as centralized governments, organized religions, social classes, and specialization of labor

What was the most important crop for the survival of early Americans?

Maize (corn)

What was Justinian known for?

Byzantine Emperor known for broadening the influence of the Byzantine Empeor, codifying Roman law, and building the Hagia Sophia.

Artwork from Knossos suggested that…

Minoan women held a higher rank than most neighboring cultures allowed

Beringia

a land bridge that once connected Asia and North America during the last Ice Age

The Athenian government evolved from an _____ to a _____

aristocracy, democracy

Interdict

an effective weapon for a pope to use against a king because it cost the king the loyalty of his subjects, who feared for their own souls. A prohibition on sacraments and religious services.

What was the chronological order of these three famous Greek philosophers: Plato, Aristotle, Socrates?

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle. (SPA)

What happened after the Trojan War?

A period marked by the decline of Mycenaean civilization as the Dorians invaded and the rise of city-states such as Sparta and Athens

Greek Geography Effect

the mountainous terrain led to the creation of independent city-states in ancient Greece

The name of the place where Greek dramas took place was…

the Theater

During the Golden Age, Greek sculptors made the sculptures look like…

what they wanted people to look like, not what they actually look like, aiming for idealized beauty and perfection.

Delian League

a military alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens, formed for mutual protection and economic support against Persian threats.

Which river was not a starting of early civilization?

Rhine River

Peloponnesian League

a coalition of city-states led by Sparta, created to oppose Athens and formed in opposition to the Delian League during the Peloponnesian War.

How did Romans treat the conquered people?

Romans made most conquered people citizens or formed alliances with them

Where was Rome founded?

on 7 hills on the Palatine Hill in central Italy, near the Tiber River.

What was one event that contributed to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire?

the invasions by various barbarian tribes such as the Visigoths and Vandals, leading to loss of territory and weakened authority.

What led to the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire?

Roman rulers persecuted Christians because they would not worship Roman Gods and were seen as a threat to traditional Roman religious practices and societal order.

The assassination of Caesar led to…

the republic becoming an empire ruled by one manand the rise of Augustus as the first emperor.

What 2 civilizations influenced Roman culture?

Greek and Etruscan civilizations.

Why did Ancient Greeks used myths?

to understand nature, explain the world around them, and teach moral lessons.

Roman Road System

a vast network road system the Romans put in place led to the saying, “All roads lead to Rome” that facilitated trade, military movement, and communication across the empire.

Water ways in Europe vs. Africa

Europe has extensive navigable rivers and canals, while Africa's waterways are less developed and often hindered by seasonal variation.

Silk Road Trade

an ancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West, facilitating the exchange of goods, culture, and ideas. It made it possible for the Chinese to import cotton cloth from India.

Canon Law

a set of regulations and laws governing the Christian Church and its members, particularly in matters of doctrine and church governance.

Treaty of Verdun

The 843 agreement that divided the Carolingian Empire into three separate kingdoms among the grandsons of Charlemagne, establishing the basis for modern France and Germany.

_____ placed more emphasis on military service compared to _____.

Sparta, Athens

What did the Knights trade?

Knights traded military service for land and protection, receiving fiefs (land) in exchange for their loyalty and combat support.

Concordat of Worms

An agreement reached in 1122 that resolved the power struggle between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor over the appointment of bishops. The Church alone could appoint a bishop, but the emperor could veto the appointment.

Cultural Exchange

The process of sharing and adopting cultural practices, beliefs, and ideas between different societies and regions, often resulting from trade, migration, and conquest.

Charlemagne led what people?

The Franks during the early Middle Ages, uniting much of Western Europe.

Middle Way

A Buddhist path of moderation between extremes, emphasizing ethical conduct, mental discipline, and wisdom to achieve enlightenment. Another name for the Eightfold Path.

When was Novgorod founded?

Novgorod was founded in the late 9th century when Vikings settled among Slavs and became their leaders.

Valdimir’s impact on Kiev

Valdimir made all his subjects convert to Orthodox Christianity

What were the outcomes of the Crusades?

Muslims kept control of Jerusalem, but Christians could visit the holy locationsand trade routes were expanded. The Crusades also intensified religious conflict and led to cultural exchanges between Europe and the Middle East.

Darius’ Royal Road

was an ancient highway built to facilitate communication, trade, and transportation across the Persian Empire, stretching over 2,500 kilometers.

Guilds

organizations of similar crafts and skills

Who conquered England in 1066?

William the Conqueror from Normandy

Magna Carta

a charter of rights agreed to by King John of England, limiting the powers of the monarchy and establishing certain legal protections for subjects.

Manor

the name of a lord’s estate that included villages, farmland, and often a manor house.