Unit 3 Flashcards

The idea that our body tries to keep a set point for such things as oxygen, sugar, water, and salt levels is known as

homeostasis

Which of the following is not an assumption of allostasis?

All of the above are assumptions of allostasis.

Allostasis is based on the assumption that the body has specific and unchanging set points.

Allostasis assumes that the body changes in anticipation of physiological needs.

It assumes the complex interactions between changing environments and fluctuating internal states.

It represents the changes in the body depending on the person’s current circumstances.

Allostasis is based on the assumption that the body has specific and unchanging set points.

If the __________ is lesioned in a rat, it will cause the animal to eat a lot and gain weight.

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and Arcuate Nucleus (ARC)

The arcuate nucleus (ARC) uses the neurotransmitter __________ . Increasing this neurotransmitter’s activity causes an animal to increase food intake, especially carbohydrates.

neuropeptide Y (NPY)

Someone given 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) will

feel hungry compared to a control group

There is some support for the idea that omega-3 fatty acids may help with

reducing symptoms of depression

Six-year-old Rosa loves her freshwater goldfish named Baxter. She feels bad that Baxter is stuck in his tiny fishbowl, so when the family takes a trip to the beach, she takes Baxter along and lets him go into the ocean. What she doesn’t see as Baxter swims away is that

Baxter’s cells shrink (crenate) because the ocean water is hypertonic compared with the intracellular fluid of Baxter’s cells.

When someone gets a bit dehydrated, __________ is created with the help of renin. This hormone increases blood pressure and causes the release of aldosterone, so the kidney conserves sodium, and this signals the brain to induce thirst.

angiotensin II

Glucose is stored as __________ with the help of __________ .

glycogen, insulin

Although many areas of the brain are involved in satiation (stopping eating), which area of the hypothalamus was known as the “feeding center” for a long time?

lateral hypothalamus

Which of the following is not a class of hormones?

simple amino acid-derived hormones

aromatic hormone

protein and peptide hormones

steroid hormone

All of the above are types of hormones.

aromatic hormone

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary gland?

oxytocin

The __________ gene is found on the Y chromosome and produces testis-determining factor.

srY

The precursor for the female internal reproductive system is called

the Müllerian system

__________ causes the masculinization of the brain during fetal development.

Testosterone that is converted from estradiol

On average, which areas of the brain tend to be slightly larger in men than in women?

amygdala and parietal lobe

Using a PET scan, Nishizawa et al. (1997) found that males showed a 52 percent higher rate of synthesis of which of the following neurotransmitters?

serotonin

Researchers Bartel and Zeki (2004) conducted neuroimaging studies of people falling in love. They showed them photos of their love interest as well as people that the participant considered to be just a friend. They found that the activity of the __________ was decreased when looking at a love interest compared to when looking at a friend.

amygdala

According to Helen Fisher’s work on stages of love, which stage is most associated with an increase in testosterone?

lust

When first falling in love, which neurotransmitter is elevated, especially when a person sees their new love interest?

dopamine

Which of the following best describes the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions?

Donald sees a mountain lion in the woods. He consciously becomes scared because he realizes he might be in danger, and separately his heart races.

Donald sees a mountain lion in the woods. He feels his heart racing and interprets the change in physiology as fear because of the fact he’s in the woods.

Donald sees a mountain lion in the zoo. He feels his heart racing and interprets the change in physiology as joy because of seeing a beautiful animal.

Donald sees a mountain lion in the woods. He becomes scared because his brain senses that his heart is racing.

Donald sees a mountain lion in the woods; he feels his heart racing and interprets the change in physiology as fear because of the fact he’s in the woods. Also, Donald sees a mountain lion in the zoo; he feels his heart racing and interprets the change in physiology as joy because of seeing a beautiful animal.

Donald sees a mountain lion in the woods. He consciously becomes scared because he realizes he might be in danger, and separately his heart races.

Which of the following is not a difference between offensive and defensive aggression?

An animal will work to have access to offensive aggression but not defensive aggression; in other words, offensive aggression can act as a reward.

The amygdala and periaqueductal gray are highly active in offensive aggression, whereas the nucleus accumbens is active in defensive aggression.

A rat showing offensive aggression attacks different areas of the body of the opponent than a defensive rat does.

All of the above are differences between offensive and defensive aggression.

Offensive aggression can be reduced by serotonin agonists.

The amygdala and periaqueductal gray are highly active in offensive aggression, whereas the nucleus accumbens is active in defensive aggression.

Tasha is afraid of clowns. While walking through the county fair, she comes face-to-face with Bongo the Clown, who is making balloon animals for children. Because of the phobia, Tasha’s __________ sends a signal to many areas of the brain, including the hypothalamus and the periaqueductal gray, to react with fear.

central amygdala

Which neurotransmitter system is most associated with play behavior?

endogenous opioid

Dr. Mitchell is interested in the fast stress response (under one minute) when people view scary images like evil clowns, spiders, growling dogs, and biting sharks. He takes saliva samples from participants and checks for increases in __________, which indicate sympathetic nervous system activity.

alpha-amylase

Which of the following shows the order of release of hormones in the HPA axis when experiencing a stressful event?

CRH → ACTH → cortisol

Which type of cortisol receptor in the brain is active with low cortisol, and if this receptor is activated, it can help with memory?

mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs)

Which of the following physiological measurements will decrease when a person is experiencing physical and psychological stress?

heart rate variability

facial muscle activity just above the eye (corrugator supercilii)

electrodermal skin conductance

perspiration

heart rate

heart rate variability

There is growing evidence that experiencing trauma, neglect, and high levels of stress in childhood can lead to several problems in adulthood, including addiction, depression, heart disease, and increased risk of cancer. The study that found these correlations by tracking children through adulthood is called the:

adverse childhood experiences study (ACEs)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone is released from the

anterior pituitary gland

What role does CREB play in drug addiction?

It activates dynorphin, which causes the pleasurable aspect of the drug to decline. This can cause a person to increase the dose of a drug.

A large part of addiction has to do with principles of associative learning. The seems to play an essential role in the process of learning and addiction. __________

dorsal striatum

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is more associated with

A complication at birth, which can lead to cerebral palsy.

The two areas of the brain thought to be overactive in people with autism spectrum disorder are the __________ and the __________

amygdala, prefrontal cortex

The two areas of the brain thought to be overactive in people with autism spectrum disorder are the __________ and the __________ .

amygdala, prefrontal cortex

The fact that G-proteins in the neuron membrane clump in lipid rafts is one theory for what?

the reason why the reduction of symptoms of depression is often not seen until weeks after a person begins to take an antidepressant-like SSRI

Patients taking MAOIs to treat depression must be careful about

their diet in that they should not eat certain cheeses and nuts.

The __________ plays a large role in panic disorder. If this area is stimulated during open brain surgery, it can initiate a panic attack.

periaqueductal gray (PAG)

Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) and other infections may be a contributing factor for developing symptoms of

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Resting levels of __________ are low in people with post-traumatic stress disorder.

cortisol

Terrance has difficulty planning tasks and organizing thoughts—these are problems with executive functions. He also has difficulty with sustaining attention and problems with memory, and when he speaks, he is very difficult to understand. Terrance is showing

cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia

The __________ are caused by defective tau proteins destroying the neuron from the inside. This is a cause of Alzheimer’s disease. 

neurofibrillary tangles

Which of the following drugs can produce schizophrenic-like symptoms?

both cocaine and oxycodone

oxycodone

cocaine

both cocaine and ketamine

ketamine

both cocaine and ketamine

The idea that stress and life experiences can influence the manifestation and severity of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia is called

the diathesis- stress model

The herpes virus has been found to be a risk factor for

Alzheimer’s disease

Several studies, including the FINGER study conducted in Finland, have found all of the following helped slow the onset of the symptoms of Alzheimer’s except

avoiding exposure to metals like aluminum, lead, and mercury in their diet.

physical exercise.

staying mentally active.

being social with friends and family.

having low body weight.

avoiding exposure to metals like aluminum, lead, and mercury in their diet.

Which of the following is true about head injuries and sports?

Concussions affecting 9- to 12-year-olds are considerably worse and produce greater cognitive impairment than concussion experienced by 13- to 16-year-olds.

Modern football helmets prevent concussions.

More than one of the above answers is true.

Playing sports is the leading cause of traumatic brain injuries in adolescents.

Concussion in female athletes tends to have harsher symptoms and last longer than those suffered by male athletes.

Concussion in female athletes tends to have harsher symptoms and last longer than those suffered by male athletes.

Tanner was playing football on a Friday night and took a hard hit, rendering him unconscious for about a minute. He was taken out of the game, and for the rest of the weekend he had a bad headache and was dizzy. He said he felt better on Monday, so the coach put him in for practice. He took another hit to the head that was not as bad as during the game, but this time, he had to go to the hospital, where a CT scan showed swelling in the brain. This is an example of:

second-impact syndrome

Walter is 75 years old and was up in his attic fixing a broken light. He stood up too fast and bumped his head on a wooden crossbeam. It didn’t hurt too badly, and there was no bleeding. However, later he felt dizzy, had a headache, and forgot that he even bumped his head. Walter should go to the hospital and get a CT scan because he likely has a:

subdural hematoma

Saanvi has epilepsy. When she experiences a seizure, she gets a feeling before it happens. She has a service dog that has been trained to detect these __________ and can warn her to lie down, so she doesn’t get hurt during the seizure.

auras

the brain can only use ___ for energy

glucose

____ can be increased by classical conditioning

grehlin

hypertonic

cell shrinks

cell has a higher concentration of water compared to the environment

hypotonic

cell swells

environment as a higher concentration of water than the cell