cram pack chapter 1 Cartes | Quizlet

Act of Union - 1840, united Upper Canada and Lower Canada into a single colony, the Province of Canada (also called United Canada).

Territory of the Province of Canada under act of union

The French Canadians disadvantage:

Socio-politically, Durham hoped would solve the conflicts between the French and English. And easier to assimilate the French because minority in a single legislative assembly.English became the only official language in the Province of Canada.

Economically, Upper Canada had a much higher debt than Lower Canada due to canal and road construction. London decided to merge the debts. LC had to pay part of UC's debt.

Socio-political and economic context Act of union

A legislative union was established representative government

Political structure act of union

The governor and councils retained their roles and powers from the Constitutional Act.

The governor and Legislative Council could block bills from the Legislative Assembly.

* The mother country (Britain) maintained control over the colony.

Administrative provisions Act of union

In 1846, London ended protectionism and switched to free trade.

The Corn Laws were abolished.

With the end of protectionism, the colonies now had to compete with foreign countries.

Adoption of free trade by the United Kingdom COLONIAL ECONOMY

In 1854, the Province of Canada signed the Reciprocity Treaty with the USA.

This agreement allowed the two regions to trade raw materials and agricultural products without having to pay customs duties.

Exports from the Province of Canada to the USA increased. The agreement ended in 1866.

Colonial economy reciprocity treaty

After the elections of 1841, Reformers in LC and UC formed an alliance. This union enabled Reformers to secure a majority in the Legislative Assembly in 1842. Alliance called Baldwin la fountain alliance they wanted to establish responsible government

RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT Alliance of Reformers

Responsible government got in 1848 Members of the Executive Council were now chosen by representatives elected to the Legislative Assembly. They could only keep their position of they maintained the support of the Assembly.

Functioning of responsible government

party need to get double majority neither liberals or conservatives could get double majority in 1855-1864 10+ minority governments made it difficult to manage co

Ministerial instability Responsible government

In 1876, the Dominion of Canada adopted the Indian Act, which sought to assimilate

Indigenous people and encourage their enfranchisement.

This act defined First Nations people as minors & wards of the state.

The Indian Act was amended several times over the course of the 19th & 20th centuries.

Indian Act

Wanted to convert them civilise them Indian residential schools became the mechanism for assimilation.

Catholic and Protestant missions Indian affairs

1851 The government's aim in creating reserves was to promote the sedentarization of First Nations.

This would also free up immense territories of colonization & resource exploitation.

Creation of Indian reserves in Lower Canada Indian affairs

In 1864, Macdonald, Cartier & Brown formed the Great Coalition to resolve political instability. They introduced conferation to all BNA colonies

BNA act Great Coalition

1) During the Charlottetown (Sep. 1864) & Québec (Oct. 1864) conferences, the representatives of several colonies agreed on the principle of a federal union.

2) In 1866, the representatives of the British colonies gathered in London to draft a bill and have it passed by the British Parliament.

3) In 1867, London adopted the BNA Act, which became the 1st constitution of the new Dominion of Canada.

BNA act Conferences

4 provinces formed the Dominion of Canada in 1867: Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick & Nova Scotia.

Territory of the Dominion of Canada BNA act

2 levels of government: the federal (central) & the provincial governments

Structure of Canadian federalism BNA act

Federal area :trade, défense military, Indian affairs,banking money

provincial area: civil law ,health, education and natural resources

FEDERAL-PROVINCIAL RELATIONS Areas of jurisdiction

tensions emerged between the federal government & the provinces.

Division of jurisdiction & tax revenue were the main source of tensions.

Meanwhile, Québec was demanding greater autonomy within Canada.

Revenue sharing federal provincial relations

Honoré mercier premier of Québec from 1887-1891 defended French Canadain nationalist and provincial autonomy first interprovincial meeting 1887

Interprovincial conference

The settling of the West created tensions with the Métis population. Louis riel les two uprisings 1) The Red River Rebellion (1869-1870) which led to the creation of Manitoba.

2) The North-West Rebellion (1885) which ended with the execution of Louis Riel.

Riel = hero for French, traitor for English).

Two Métis uprisings

The economic crisis of 1873-1878 made the Macdonald government to adopt a National Policy in 1879 to stimulate Canada's industrial development.

3 components:

• increase customs duties

• expansion of the rail network( trans colonial)

• population growth through

immigration to Western Canada

NATIONAL POLICY Economic crisis of 1873

National policy raised custom duties on imported products goal was to encourage canadiens to buy goods manufactured in Canada increased production and stimulate development

Tarifs policy national policy

National Policy included the creation of a vast rail network . goal was to link provinces and increase trade between the different regions in the Dominion . Canadian Pacific Railway ( CP ) was completed in 1885. It facilitated the circulation of goods and people . It promoted colonization and the development of the West .

Canadian Pacific transcontinental railway

Macdonald's National Policy attract immigrants to the West . immigrants could make a valuable economic contribution by :

1) growing enough wheat to feed the Canadian population

2) be a part of a market for goods produced in Canadian factories

3) promoting development of a domestic market manufacturing more goods for foreign export

Settling of the West national policy immigrants

Industrialization led to rural exodus . industries required labor , and factories were in cities , more and more people left the countryside to find work in the city . This is how industrialization led to urbanization the growth of cities ) .

MIGRATIONS Rural exodus

Some French Canadians left the overcrowded farmland in the St. Lawrence Valley and moved to American industrial centers . 1850-1890 , 400 000 French Canadians settled in the USA , particularly Vermont , Massachusetts , & Maine

MIGRATIONS Emigration to the United States

Québec government & Catholic clergy wanted to prevent French Canadian emigration to the USA so they worked together to introduce agricultural colonization programs in places like Saguenay & Lac - Saint - Jean , the Laurentides & the Outaouais . This had negative impact on Indigenous nations . occupying these territories

Opening of regions for colonization french

Immigration from the UK intensified in the 1840s . In 1845 of thousands of Irish people fled Great Famine and settled in the BNA colonies . Most immigrants came from the British Isles . Quarantined at grosse ilses cuz of chlorea and typi outbreak

Transatlantic immigration british and irish

Women were considered minors in Women didn't have the right to vote nor the right to run for elected office . In 1849 Baldwin - Lafontaine coalition passed a law revoking women's right to vote Thus , women demanded right to vote & the right to run for elected office .

ROLE OF WOMEN Legal and political status

many women were farmers limited options : teacher work in a textile , shoe or tobacco factory domestic servant .

ROLE OF WOMEN Sectors of activity

1840 the pope's authority was absolute Catholic Church be involved in all spheres of society . Catholics should submit to the clergy for all matters pertaining to culture and politics .

Ultramontanism

opposed the influence of the Church in spheres other than religious life . Institut canadien de Montréal was an anticlerical organization . It advocated freedom of thought . In 1868 pope condemned the Institut canadien and excommunicated its members . It was forced to shut down in 1877 .

Anticlericalism

preserve French Canadian identity . Catholic Church center of French- Canadian identity . It sought protect the 4 F's :

1) the Catholic Faith

2) French culture & language

3) follow traditional way of life , rural

4) traditional family structure ,

Nationalism of survival 4 Fs

The School Act of 1841 solidified the Church's influence in the area of education . A denominational with separate schools for Francophone Catholics & Anglophone Protestants .

Denominational dualism of social institutions schools

patriotic literature related to a nationalism of survival . Women also started to speak out

SOCIO - CULTURAL EXPRESSION Patriotic works

members of a social class possess the capital and the means of production and control a group of workers British business men

FIRST PHASE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ( ~ 1850-1896 Industrial capitalism

development of the transportation network , making it possible to improve the canals and develop the rail network . The Grand Trunk Railway linked the main cities of the Province of Canada Intercolonial Railway connected the Maritimes to the Grand Trunk .

Eastern continental transportation network

food leather textiles tobacco lumber

Production sectors first phase of industrialization

Mechanization Skilled & specialized craftspeople were replaced by unskilled assembly line workers in factories .

Division of labor first phase industrialization

polluted air , poor hygiene , small homes , no electricity , no running water & no sewers . 60-72 hour workweeks Workers had no social protection . Women and children paid less

Living and working conditions of men , women and children

second half of the 19th century workers started organizing themselves into unions . Unions demanded better working conditions for workers reduced working hours insurance and recognition of the rights of unionized workers .1885 , the Québec Factories Act which improvements to work conditions .

Workers ' movement

Forestry regions - like the Outaouais , Mauricie & Saguenay - attracted investors . Developing These regions all had major waterways , important for transporting timber .lumber industry experienced rapid growth . Reciprocity Treaty contributed to the prosperity of this industry .

Forestry regions

dairy industry dominated the agricultural sector : it required few employees less vulnerable to weather changes was possible to supply with greater variety of goods

Dairy production

1854 Parliament of Canada passed An Act for the Abolition of Feudal Rights seigneurial system was abolished . Censitaires could purchase private property .

Seigneurial rights