Gender and Age Differences in ADHD Symptoms and Co-occurring Depression and Anxiety Symptoms

A collection of vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts from the study on ADHD symptoms and associated mental health issues among children and adolescents.

ADHD

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, a diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.

Gender differences in ADHD

Variations in ADHD diagnosis and symptoms between males and females, often with males showing higher prevalence.

Co-occurring disorders

Mental health conditions that occur alongside ADHD, such as depression and anxiety.

Inattention

A hallmark symptom of ADHD involving a lack of focus, disorganization, and difficulty completing tasks.

Hyperactivity/Impulsivity

Symptoms of ADHD that include excessive movement, fidgeting, and acting without thinking.

Comorbidity

The presence of one or more additional diagnoses co-occurring with a primary diagnosis; in this study, ADHD commonly co-occurs with depression and anxiety.

BELLA Study

A longitudinal research project examining mental health and wellbeing of children and adolescents in Germany.

DSM-5

The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which outlines the criteria for diagnosing mental health disorders.

Linear Regression

A statistical method used to model the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.

Internalizing symptoms

Symptoms that are directed inward, such as anxiety and depression, often more prevalent in females with ADHD.

Externalizing symptoms

Symptoms that involve outwardly directed behaviors, such as hyperactivity and impulsivity, often more prevalent in males with ADHD.

Prevalence rates

Statistics that indicate the total number of cases of a disorder, such as ADHD, within a specific population during a given timeframe.

Socioeconomic status

An economic and sociological combined measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family's economic and social position relative to others, based on income, education, and occupation.

Migration background

Refers to the family history of immigrants, which can influence social and psychological health outcomes.

Cohen’s d

A measure of effect size used to indicate the standardized difference between two means.

FBB-ADHS

The German ADHD Rating Scale used to evaluate ADHD symptoms in this study.

Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC)

A tool used to assess depression symptoms among children as part of the BELLA study.

SCARED questionnaire

A screening tool for assessing anxiety-related emotional disorders in children.

Statistical Power Analysis

A method to determine the sample size required for a study to detect an effect of a given size with a given degree of confidence.

Effect size

A quantitative measure of the magnitude of the experimental effect.