Organic Chemistry (Functional Groups)

Halogen Atoms (F, Cl, Br, I)

Formula = R - F (-Cl, -Br, -I)

Prefix(Always Substituent): (halo-) eg.(chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo)

(number required for carbon chain location) eg.( 3-chloropropane)

Properties:

- High Dispersion Forces > Higher Bboiling temperatures than alkanes,

- not sufficiently polar to dissolve in water,

- Neutral (pH = 7).

Amino(s)

Formula = R - NH2

Suffix(Primary): (-amine) eg.(propan-2-amine)

Prefix(Substituent): (amino-) eg.(3-amino-butan-2-one(Ketone as primary))

(number required for carbon chain location) eg.(propan-2-amine)

Properties:

- Hydrogen bonds > Higher boiling temperatures than alkanes,

- moderately polar > small amines able to dissolve in water,

- Basic (pH > 7)

Hydroxy/Hydroxyl- (alcohol)

Formula = R - OH

Suffix(Primary): (-ol) eg.(ethanol)

Prefix(Substituent): (hydroxy-) eg.( 3-hydroxybutanone(Ketone as primary))

(number required for carbon chain location) eg.(hexan-3-ol)

Properties:

- Hydrogen Bonds > Higher boiling temperatures than alkanes,

- polar > able to dissolve in water (as long as hydrocarbon is not too large compared to amount of hydroxyl groups),

- Neutral (pH = 7).

Ketone(s)

Formula: R1 - C(=O) - R2

Suffix(Primary): (-one) eg. (propan-2-one)

(number required for carbon chain location)

Properties:

- Higher boiling temperatures than alkanes, but lower than alcohols due to not having intermolecular hydrogen bonds,

- can be dissolved in water easily due to bonding with hydrogen in water.

- Acidic(More than aldehydes) (pH < 7)

Aldehydes

Formula: R - CH = O

Suffix(Primary): (-al) eg. (butanal)

(number never required as carboxy is always C1) eg.(pentanal, NOT pentan-1-al acid)

Properties:

- Carbonyl(Ketone group) with a hydrogen,

- slightly polar,

- Slightly Acidic (pH < 7)

Nitrile

Carboxy (Carboxylic acids)

Formula: R - O(O)=O

Suffix(Primary): (-oic acid) eg. (propanoic acid)

Prefix(Substituent, Rarely): (carboxy) eg.(2-carboxyfuran)

(number never required as carboxy is always C1) eg.(ethanoic acid, NOT ethan-1-oic acid)

Properties:

- Hydrogen Bonds > Higher boiling temperatures are much higher then alkanes,

- Polar > able to dissolve in water (as long as hydrocarbon is not too large,

- Acidic (pH < 7).

Ester(s)

Carboxy Group reacted with a hydroxy group , byproduct of water, hence Condensation.

Formula R1 - C(O-R2)=O

Name:(alkyl+oate) eg.(propyl-ethanoate (from Propan-1-ol and ethanoic acid)

(number not needed)

Properties:

- Low Boiling points compared to alcohols and carboxylic acids due to a lack of hydrogen bonds (only dipole-dipole and dispersion forces),

- low solubility,

Neutral (pH = 7)

(Primary) Amide(s)

Formula: R - C(=O) - NH2

Suffix(Primary): (-amide) eg.(propanamide)

Prefix(Substituent): (carbamoyl-) eg.(carbamoyl ethanoic acid)

(number never required as carboxy is always C1) eg.(pentanamide, NOT pentan-1-amide)

Properties:

- Hydrogen Bonds > High boiling temperatures,

- polar > able to be dissolved in water,

- Neutral (pH = 7)