section C

characteristics of pre industrial Britain

• transport and communications limited

• widespread illiteracy

• limited free time

• clear class division

characteristics of popular recreation

• occasional (long working hours)

• local (limited transport)

• basic rules (widespread illiteracy)

• functional (linked to work requirements)

characterises of mob football

• played by lower class

• simple

• played occasionally

• highly violent (limited rules)

• eventually banned

real tennis characteristics

• exclusive to the upper class

• royal in nature

• complex rules

• high moral code

• played on regular basis

characteristics of first half of 19th century

• migration of lower class into urban areas

• lack of leisure time

• poor health

• loss of rights

• lack of public provisions

characteristics of 2nd half of 19th century

• health and hygiene improved

• gradual increase in wages

• development of middle class

• improvements in travel and communications

4 key features of urbanisation

• lack of space -

• large working class population

• loss of traditional sport (mob games banned)

• change in working conditions (working hours decreased)

how did improvements in communication help sport

• printed media increased awareness and knowledge of sport

• improvement in education meant more rules could be made

• emergence of sporting heroes and role models

how did the development of the railway develop sport

• movement of teams and spectators

• improved access to different parts of the country

• cheaper train travel

the influence of the church

• encouraged social control

• sport was a good way of promoting christian values

• good way to increase church attendance

how did the church provide opportunities

• clergy gave encouragement for working class to participate in sport

• church organised teams and competitions

• provided facilities

emergence of the middle class

• emerged due to urbanisation

• codification occurred

• competitions occurred

• public provisions provided

• increased leisure time

reasons sport was developed in public (private) schools

• social control

• develops sportsmanship

• promote loyalty

• develops leadership

• self discipline

physical benefits of sport

• teach bravery

• stress relief

• break from study

social/moral benefits of playing sport

• teamwork

• discipline

• fair play

• win and lose with honour

role of the old boys

• sixth form given responsibility

• devised rules

• became games elite

technical developments public schools made

• rules

• numbers on back of shirts

• facilities improved

• inter house and intra schools comps

• training and kits

characteristics of athletism

• manliness

• moral integrity

• accepting discipline of rules

characteristics of muscular christianity

• working for a team

• conforming to rules

• use of god given abilities

amateur in 19th century

• played sport for the love

• high moral integrity

• well educated

• gentleman amateur

• played a range of sports

professional 19th century

• from a poor background

• desire to win was important to live and survive

• trained hard

• gave working class chance to earn money

amateur (modern day)

• lower status then professional

• played sport for the love

• top level open to all

• blurring of amateur and professional distinctions

professional modern day

• receive financial support

• train frequently

• only allowed to play for one team

• all classes

• high rewards through social media

• celebrity status

why did NGBs emerge

• more popular

• needed administrative organisation

• someone to oversee rules

• decide on eligibility

how was sport controlled in early 20th century by middle class

• upper class went to public schools - well educated

• high social status

• ex public school boys set up clubs

how sport spread to wider society

• melting pots - diferent opinions

• codification and rules standardised

• factory and church teams

• local councils provided facilities

cause of decline in mob games

• banned by authorities

• lack of space in urban areas

• disciplined workforce

British empires effect on sport

• developed public baths

• wash house act established

• helped improve productivity of workforce as more healthy

social and cultural influences of rational recreation

• urbanisation

• communications developed

• emergence of middle class

• British empire

• developments of NGBs

positive impacts of gentleman amateurs

• high status

• adhered to code of ethics

• belonged to social elite

• all rounder

positive impact of professionalism (19th century)

• presented working class with chance to earn money

• standards of performance increased as dedicated training

• increased commercialisation and media coverage

development of lawn tennis

• aided women participation as could be played in privacy of own garden

• women could play as minimum activity in dresses

• not expected to sweat

golden triangle

sport, media and sponsorship/business are all strongly interlinked and mutually dependent of eachother

effects of commercialisation on performer

• pressure to perform

• must specialise

• controlled by sponsor

• receive high income

• paid for successful results

effects of commercialisation on the sport

• breaks in play to let sponsors advertise

• sports played by women receive less media coverage

• more personal experience for viewer

mechanising

• a brand or image from one product is used to sell another

society

• an organised group of people associated for a specific purpose or with shared commons interests

socialisation

• lifelong process whereby members of a society learn its norms and values (primary and secondary)

social issues

• problems that may affect many people within a population

inequality

• the unfair situation where resources or opportunities are distributed unevenly within a society

causes of inequality in sport

• accessibility

• money

• discrimination

• stereotypes

• lack of role models

discrimination

• the unfair treatment of a person or minority group

• overt - visible

• covert - hidden

stereotyping

• standardised image

social structure

• organised pattern of social relationships and institutions that make up a society

prejudice

• preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience

social interactions

• when individuals or groups influence the behaviour of one another

social action theory

• a way of viewing socialisation, emphasising social action

• sport is produced and developed at a particular time through relationships and social networks of people who share similar views

benefits of rising participation (society)

• less strain on NHS

• lower obesity levels

• improved community morale

• lower crime rates

• increased spending on healthy pursuits

• increased productivity at work

• lower absent rates

integrated sport

• disable and non disabled play together

• educate able bodies athletes

• highlights that society is mixture of people

• allows equality

• lack of sufficiently qualified coaches

• insufficient specialised equipment

• highlights differences

segregated sport

• separate disabled from able bodies athletes

• cater for specific needs

• allow disabled athletes too socialise with similar people

• higher likelihood of specialised equipment

• social opportunities with able bodied people are minimised

• disabilities may be categorised

• may over protect disabled athletes

barriers and solutions of disabilities

• lack of confidence - provide opportunities for sucess

• lack of access - provide transport to facilities

• lack of role models - increase media coverage and promote role models

disability

a term used when impairments adversely affects performance

barriers and solutions to ethnicity

• lack of role models - increase media coverage

• dress code - make clothing more inclusive

• stereotyping - education

• racism - punish racist acts

barriers and solutions to gender

• body image issues - private facilities

• stereotypes - education

• domestic responsibilities - encourage shared responsibility

• lack of female role models - increase media coverage

sport England priorities

• recover and invent community to become more inclusive

• positive experiences for children - ensure sport is fun safe and enjoyable

• active environments - shape culturally and physically supportive environments

sport England national partners

• English federation of disability sport

• sporting equals

• women in sport