Ap world unit 3🔫💥

Ottoman Empire

Islamic gunpowder empire in the Middle East that used devshirme and Janissaries to create a strong military and centralized government.

Safavid Empire

Shi’a Muslim empire in Persia known for conflicts with the Sunni Ottomans and for using religion to unify people.

Mughal Empire

Islamic empire in India that used zamindar tax collection and built the Taj Mahal to show power.

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty that restored Confucian civil service exams and sponsored voyages under Zheng He.

Qing Dynasty

Manchu-led dynasty after the Ming that expanded China’s borders and used the Mandate of Heaven to legitimize rule.

Russian Empire

Expanded through conquest, used serfdom, and under Peter the Great, adopted Western technology and culture.

Devshirme

Ottoman system of taking Christian boys to train as government officials or Janissary soldiers.

Janissaries

Elite Ottoman soldiers loyal only to the Sultan.

Zamindars

Local Mughal officials who collected taxes for the emperor.

Tax farming

System used in the Ottoman Empire where people paid upfront for the right to collect taxes.

Shi’a Islam

Branch of Islam that believes leadership should stay within Muhammad’s family; official religion of the Safavid Empire.

Sunni Islam

Majority branch of Islam; followed by the Ottomans.

Mandate of Heaven

Chinese belief that heaven gave emperors the right to rule, used by Ming and Qing dynasties.

Divine Right of Kings

European idea that monarchs ruled by God’s will, used to justify absolute power.

Absolutism

Political system where rulers hold total power, like Louis XIV of France.

Versailles Palace

Massive palace built by Louis XIV to show power and control over the nobility.

Taj Mahal

Monument built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife and symbol of power.

Sikhism

Religion founded in India combining elements of Islam and Hinduism; promoted equality.

Gunpowder Empires

Term for the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires that used gunpowder weapons to expand and control territory.

Legitimizing Power

Using art, religion, and architecture to justify rule (examples: Taj Mahal, Versailles, mosques).

Centralization

The process of bringing power under one ruler through bureaucracy, military, and taxes.

Civil Service Exam

Chinese exam system used to select bureaucrats based on Confucian knowledge.

Tribute System

Method used by China to control foreign relations and show superiority.

Bureaucracy

A group of officials who help a government run effectively.

Peter the Great

Russian ruler who modernized Russia and expanded its navy.

Akbar the Great

Mughal ruler who practiced religious tolerance and strengthened the empire.

Suleiman the Magnificent

Ottoman ruler who expanded territory and promoted legal reforms.

Shah Abbas

Safavid ruler who strengthened the empire’s military and trade networks.