Biology 1441 Exam 1 Review

plasma membrane

plasma membrane

seperates cell from external environment. Controls passage of organic molecules, ions, water, oxygen, and wastes into and out of the cell; semipermeable

cytoplasm

provides structure to cell; metabolic reactions; organelles found here; liquid

nucleoid

location of DNA inside nucleus

Nucleus

organelle that houses DNA and drects synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

ribosomes

used for protein synthesis/building; small organelles floating in cytoplasm. Some floating in cytosol, others attached to rough ER

mitochondria

ATP production from glucose / cellular respiration; use electron transport chain

vesicles/vacuoles

storage and transport; digestive function in plant cell

lysosomes

digestion of macromolecules’ recycling of worn out organelles; cell’s trash can

cell wall

protection, structural support, maintenance of cell shape

chloroplasts

photosynthesis; in plant cells ONLY

endoplasmic reticulum

modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids

Rough ER

large organelle that builds protein; covered in ribosomes, proteins leave to go to golgi

Smooth ER

detoxifies materials; builds lipids (waste processed here)

Golgi Apparatus

modifies, sorts, tags. packages and distributes lipids and proteins.

Cytoskeleton

maintains cell’s shape and secures organelles; allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within cell

flagella

cellular locomotion; moves entire cells; long extensions outside a cell

cilia

movement of particles along extracellular surface of plasma membrane; small and numerous; short extensions outside a cell

chromatin

DNA in nucleus called

The ribosomes

mRNA is read and amino acids attached to each other in..

The Rough ER

completed amino acid chain folds and moves through this organelle

The nucleus

DNA is copied into mRNA here

The Golgi Apparatus

amino acid chain is modified and sent to its correct cellular location here

Plasma Membrane

an organelle found in both plant and animal cells

hydrophobic and nonpolar molecules

Molecules that can pass straight through plasma membrane

Hydrophillic and polar

molecules that need transport proteins to move across plasma membrane

Nuclear Pore

mRNA copy leaves nucleaus through..

Nucleolus

Ribosomes built in the..

Electron Transport Chain

found in inner membrane of mitochondria which uses it to generate ATP; requires oxygen

glycogen

vacuoles in liver cells and muscle cells store this

The Endomembrane System

transport highway of the cell; involved in manufacture and transport of proteins and lipids

Microtubules

in cytoskeleton; provide pathways for vesicle movement

Intermediate Filaments

in cytoskeleton; holds organelles in place

Microfilaments

in cytoskeleton; give flexibility to a cells shape and enable muscle contraction

atom

particle of matter that consists of a nucleus surrounded by one or more negatively charged electrons

chemical bond

lasting attraction between atoms or ions that enables the formation of molecules

energy is released

when bonds break

energy is absorbed and stored

when new bonds formed

phospholipid bilayer

what the plasma membrane is also called

phospholipid

in the plasma membrane; has a head group (hydrophilic) and two fatty acid tails (hydrophobic)

hydrophobic bilayer

made by grouping the fatty acid tails together in the middle of the membrane; water and water loving moleulels cannot easily move back and forth through

polar molecule

molecule with areas of partial positive and partial negative charge

selective permeability

only molecules that match the chemical properties of the fatty acid tails can diffuse across the membrane

molecules that can pass through membrane

hydrophobic (steroids), gasses/ nonpolar

molecules that need assistance through membrane

polar, hydrophillic, ions

transport protein

required to move in and out things that can’t go through membrane/ don’t match fatty acid tails (glucose, amino acids, and ions need these)

passive transport

any kind of movement acrooss plasma membrane that does NOT require energy (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis) HIGH TO LOW CONCENT

(simple) diffusion

molecules travel straight through the plasma membrane (hydrophobic and nonpolar)

facilitated diffusion

molecules use transport proteins to travel through the plasma membrane (hydrophilic, polar, large molecules)

osmosis

water travels through the plasma membrane; moves where there is a lot of water to where there is a little (moving DOWN its concent gradient)

solutions

liquids with dissolved things in them

concentration of a solution

represents the number of solutes dissolved in it (high- a lot of solutes, low- few solutes)

solvent

liquid part of a solution

solute

dissolved things in a solution

concentration gradient

when two solutions have different concentrations

Molecules naturally move _____ their concentration gradient.

down. (They move out of a solution with a high concent. into a solution with low)

low solute concentration

solution with a lot of water and little solute

high solute concentration

solution with little water and a lot of solute

hypertonic solution

higher concentration of solutes than cytosol, lower concentration of water; DEHYDRATED. More water inside cells so water leaves

isotonic solution

SAME concentration of solutes as cytosol, same concentration as water

hypotonic solution

lower concentration of solutes than cytosol, higher concentration of water. More water outside cells so water enters cells

active transport

moves cell UP (against) concentration gradient; moving from where there is a little to already a lot; requires ENERGY

primary active transport

ATP energy to move up against a concentration gradient (ex: sodium potass pump)

sodium potassium pump

sodium pumped OUT of cell where there is already a lot, potass pumped INTO cell, where there is already a lot. Ths polarizes the cell membrane. PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

secondary active transport

movement down one concentration gradient is used to power movement up a different concentration gradient (ex: sodium- glucose cotransporter)

sodium glucose cotransporter

sodium rushes into the cell where there is little as glucose sneaks into cell with it, where there is already a lot. This helps a cell get glucose. SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

the four macromolecules

lipids, carbs, proteins, nucleic acids

lipids

type of macromolecule, form a plasma membrane barrier between inside and outside

carbohydrates

type of macromolecule, easy energy source

proteins

type of macromolecule, help the cell perform complex tasks, long chains of amino acids

nucleic acids

type of macromolecule, store genetic information

prokaryotic cells

genetic info found in nuceoid region (ex: bacteria)

eukaryotic cells

genetic information stored in membrane-enclosed nucleus (ex: plant and animal cells)

4 structures all cells have

DNA/RNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, cytoplasm

DNA

all cells have this; double stranded with two lines of genetic info; made of nucleotides

RNA

all cells have this; single stranded; made of nucleotides

Nucleotides

used to build DNA/RNA; has phosphate group, a sugar and a nitrogenous base

Nitrogenous base

in nucleotides; determines the identity of the nucleotide (A, T, G, C, U)

Nucleotide sugar

determines if nucleotide is found in DNA or RNA. DNA has deoxyribose sugar (missing an oxygen) and RNA has ribose sugar

Nucleotides in DNA

A, T, C, G

Nucleotides in RNA

A, U, C, G

Genes

regions that contain the directions for building specific proteins

What happens when a cell needs a specific protein?

cell makes an mRNA copy of information stored in the gene

Where are ribosomes found?

in bacteria = throughout cytoplasm. in animal and plant = attached to rough ER

animo acids

ribosomes need these to build proteins. first they read the mRNA instructions then connect these in the correct order

Polypeptides

proteins

denatured

when a protein permanently loses its 3d shape; cannot perform functions

Cytoskeleton proteins

gives cells their 3D shape

Enzymes

proteins; speed up chemical reactions

Anabolic reactions

when smaller pieces used to build a large molecule; requires energy; cells use this to store energy for later

Catabolic reactions

when large molecules are broken down into smaller pieces; large molec store energy in chem bonds, this releases that energy for cell

glycoproteins

act like a name tag for cells or viruses

3 macromolecules in the cytoplasm

cytoskeleton proteins (shape), enzymes (speed up chem reactions) & carbohydrates (energy)

monosaccharides

carbohydrate made of one sugar molecule (ex: glucose); PROVIDE energy quickly

disaccharides

carbohydrate made of two sugar molecules (ex: sucrose); PROVIDE energy quickly

polysaccharides

carbohydrates made of many sugar molecules (ex: starch); STORE energy

Glycogen

used by ANIMAL cells for short term energy storage

Starches

used by plant cells for short term energy storage

fats

lipids; used for long term energy storage; can be saturated or unsaturated

triglyceride

made of glycerol head and three fatty acid tails (energy stored in chem bonds here); most common fat in animal cells

saturated fats

have carbons attached to has many hydrogens as possible; straight and packed together; solid at room temp