CLIN PHARM (SAS 8)

Renal Diseases

Disease of the kidneys, and in some instances of the ureters, bladder and urethra, reduce the efficiency of the kidney's functions, disturbances in protein, acidbase solute and water homeostasis and in excretion of the metabolic end-products will result.

Diabetic Nephropathy

Is a progressive kidney disease caued by damage to the capillaries in the glomeruli of the kidneys due to long-standing diabetes mellitus.

Electrolyte Homeostasis

maintained by feedback mechanisms, hormones, and many organ systems and is necessary for the body’s normal physiologic functions.

Long-term uncontrolled high blood pressure

is another common cause of kidney failure.

Kidney stones

is a solid crystal that forms in a kidney from minerals in urine.

Bladder Infection

also called cystitis

Bladder Infection

is a very common type of urinary tract infection in which the urinary bladder becomes infected by bacteria (typically Escherichia coli), rarely by fungi.

Pyelonephritis

A much less common type of urinary tract infection, in which the kidney becomes infected.

Urinary Incontinence

is a chronic problem of uncontrolled leakage of urine. It is very common, especially at older ages and especially in women

Acid-Base Disorders

are caused by disturbances in hydrogen ion (H+) homeostasis, which is ordinarily maintained by extra extracellular buffering, renal regulation of hydrogen ion and bicarbonate, and ventilatory regulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) elimination.

Metabolic acidosis

Decreased pH and HCO3-

Kussmaul’s respirations

deep, rapid respirations

Metabolic alkalosis

Increased pH and HCO3-

Respiratory acidosis

Increase in PaCO2 and Decrease in pH

Respiratory alkalosis

Decrease in PaCO2 and Increase in pH -

Respiratory Alkalosis and Metabolic Alkalosis (RalMal)

Common mixed disorder which occurs in critically ill surgical patients

Metabolic Acidosis and Respiratory Alkalosis (MacRal)

occur in patients with advanced liver disease, salicylate intoxication, and pulmonary-renal syndromes.

Metabolic Alkalosis and Respiratory Acidosis (MalRac)

can occur in patients with COPD and who are treated with salt restriction, diuretics and possibly glucocorticoids

Metabolic Alkalosis

Hypoventilation is a respiratory response to this disorder

Metabolic Acidosis

Hyperventilation is a respiratory response to this disorder