Memory

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79 Terms

1

Encoding

Getting information into our brain.

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2

Storage

Retaining information in our brain.

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3

Retrieval

Getting information back out of our brain.

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4

Parallel Processing

Processing multiple things at once; typical brain processing method.

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5

Sensory Memory

Immediate memory lasting a few seconds; includes echoic and iconic memory.

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6

Iconic Memory

Visual sensory memory lasting for a tenth of a second.

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7

Echoic Memory

Auditory sensory memory lasting for less than 4 seconds.

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8

Short-term Memory

Memory produced when information is attentively absorbed, lasts for about 20-30 seconds.

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9

Long-term Memory

Memory that stays forever and can be retrieved when needed.

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10

Implicit Memory

Nondeclarative memories that involve automatic processing.

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11

Working Memory

Complex version of short-term memory that processes visual, auditory, and retrieval information.

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12

Visual-spatial Information

Stores and processes information in a spatial/visual form.

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13

Central Executive Functions

Controls the entire system, managing information processing.

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14

Phonological Loop

Stores spoken or written information.

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15

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Temporarily stores visual/spatial information.

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16

Episodic Memory

Memory containing information of specific life events.

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17

Shallow Memory

Structural memory based on the structure of letters.

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18

Intermediate Memory

Phonemic memory, relating to how sounds are remembered.

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19

Deep Memory

Semantic memory, where understanding is applied.

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20

Explicit Memory

Declarative memories requiring effortful processing.

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21

Effortful Processing

Processing for explicit memories occurring in the hippocampus and frontal lobes.

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22

Automatic Memory

Memories that automatically enter long-term storage.

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23

Chunking

Group information into associated pieces for better recall.

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24

Mnemonics

Memory aids to enhance retention.

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25

Peg-word

Associates words with numbers for easy recall.

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26

Method of Loci

Associates words with vivid locations for memory.

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27

Acronyms

Associates words with capital letters.

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28

Hierarchy

Organizes information from general topics to specific details.

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29

Distributed Practice

Spacing out learning to encode information better.

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30

Spacing Effect

Improved retention through distributed practice.

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31

Testing Effect

Enhanced ability to retrieve information through self-testing.

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32

Self-referencing Effect

Making information personal to improve long-term recall.

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33

Autobiographical Memory

Memory of personal past events.

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34

Prospective Memory

Memory of future tasks.

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35

Procedural Memory

Long-term memory for motor skills.

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36

Eidetic Imagery

Photographic memory.

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37

Hippocampus

Brain area essential for processing explicit memories.

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38

Frontal Lobes

Brain area that manages explicit memory retrieval.

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39

Brain Cortex

Sends information to the basal ganglia for task execution.

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40

Sleep and Memory

Sleep aids in processing information into long-term memory.

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41

Cerebellum

Brain part controlling implicit memories.

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42

Classical Conditioning

Learning through natural reflexes.

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43

Infantile Amnesia

Inability to remember events from early childhood.

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44

Amygdala

Processes emotional experiences related to memories.

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45

Flashbulb Memories

Vivid memories tied to emotional experiences.

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46

Long-term Potentiation

Strengthening of synapses during learning.

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47

Recall

Retrieving learned information.

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48

Recognition

Retrieving information associated with learned material.

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49

Relearning

Easier retention of previously learned information.

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50

Meta-cognition

Awareness and regulation of one's own learning strategies.

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51

Priming

Activation of specific associations in memory.

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52

Retrieval Cues

Associations aiding memory retrieval.

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53

Context-dependent Memory

Recall improved when in the same location as encoding.

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54

Mood Congruent Memory

Better recall based on one's emotional state.

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55

Serial Position Effect

Tendency to remember the first and last items in a list.

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56

Recency Effect

Better recall of items at the end of a list.

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57

Primacy Effect

Better recall of items at the beginning of a list.

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58

Cognitive Bias

Tendency to remember biased information.

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59

Confirmation Bias

Remembering only what supports one's beliefs.

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60

Hindsight Bias

Current feelings influencing memories of past events.

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61

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to remember new information due to hippocampus damage.

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62

Retrograde Amnesia

Inability to recall old information due to cerebral cortex damage.

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63

Forgetting

Failure to retrieve information from long-term memory.

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64

Encoding Failure

Short-term memory failing to convert to long-term.

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65

Storage Decay

Physical trace of memory fading over time.

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66

Retrieval Failure

Inability to access information stored in long-term memory.

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67

Interference

Distraction affecting information processing.

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68

Proactive Interference

Old information hinders the processing of new information.

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69

Retroactive Interference

New information hinders the recall of old information.

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70

Imagination Inflation

False memories created through imagination.

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71

Motivated Forgetting

Deliberate repression of memories.

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72

Repression

Freud's theory of intentionally forgetting memories due to anxiety.

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73

Misinformation Effect

Encoding and retrieval of incorrect information.

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74

Source Amnesia

Inability to recall the origin of learned information.

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75

Déjà Vu

Feeling of familiarity with something previously unseen.

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76

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Pioneered the study of the forgetting process.

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77

Eric Kandel and James Schwartz

Studies on how neurotransmitters enhance memory connections.

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78

Elizabeth Loftus

Researcher known for studies on misinformation effects.

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79

Sperling

Known for partial report experiments studying visual memory.

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