Speech Sound Disorders Exam 1 - Prahl TCU

What is a Speech Sound Disorder?

an umbrella term

referring to any difficulty or combination of

difficulties with perception, motor production,

or phonological representation of speech

sounds and speech segments—including

phonotactic rules governing permissible

speech sound sequences in a language

What is the difference between speech and language?

Speech = a system that relates meaning with sound. Learned first modality. Includes: Articulation, phonology, motor speech, voice, and fluency

Language = an arbitrary system of signs used according to prescribed rules to convey meaning within a linguistic community. Receptive and expressive. Includes: Pragmatics, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology

A child with a speech sound disorder may:

• Pronounce words unclearly

• BUT understand and use language appropriately

• A child with a language disorder may:

• Pronounce words clearly

• BUT struggle with meaning, grammar, or social us

What is a phoneme?

Smallest linguistic unit that that represent and distinguish language units

What is phonetics?

Study of speech sounds, their production, and

acoustic properties and the written symbols that represent them

What are the 5 subdomains of phonetics?

Experimental Articulatory Acoustic Perceptual Applied

Experimental

Articulatory

Acoustic

Perceptual

Applied

What are the 6 subsystems of speech production?

Respiratory system

Lungs, airway, rib cage, diaphragm

• Provides air supply for generating sound

• Diaphragm

Larynx

“Voice box”

• Cartilage and muscles

• Generates the voiced sounds of speech by vibrating vocal cord

Velopharynx

Soft palate (velum)

• Joins or separates oral and nasal cavitie

Tounge

Principle articulation of oral cavity

• 5 Parts: tip (apex), blade, back (dorsum),

the root and body

Lips

Most visible articulation

• Important for bilabials and labiodental

Jaw

Massive bony structure

• Supports soft tissue of tongue and lip

How do the respiratory system and larynx work together?

Respiratory system and larynx work together to provide two types

of airflow

1) series of pulses created by vocal folds vibrating (voiced) /z,g/

2) continuous flow to create noise (unvoiced) /k,l/

Vowels Basic Characteristics

Speech sounds are produced without a significant constriction within

the vocal tract…

• Open sounds

• Voiced

• Syllable nuclei

• Non-nasal

• Louder (more sonorous) than consonants

• Also referred to as sonorants (along with some vowel-like

consonants)

3 classifications of Vowels

Lip rounding

• Tongue height

• Tension

Lip Rounding

Rounded: /u, ʊ, oʊ, ɔ, ɝ, ɚ, ɔɪ, aʊ/

Unrounded: /i, ɪ, ɛ, æ, ʌ, ə, ɑ, e, aɪ/

Tongue height (horizontal and vertical)

Horizontal

• Front: /i, ɪ, e, ɛ, æ/

• Central: /ɝ, ɚ, ʌ, ə/

• Back: : /u, ʊ, o, ɔ, ɑ/

Vertical

• High: /i, ɪ, u, ʊ/

• Mid: /e, ɛ, ɝ, ɚ, ʌ, ə, ɔ, o/

• Low: /æ, ɑ/

Tension

Long vowels result from more muscle tension

• /e, i, a͜ ɪ, oʊ, u/

• Short vowels result from less muscle tension

• /æ, ɛ, ɪ, ɑ, ɔ, ʌ, ʊ/

What are the 6 subdomains of suprasegmentals?

• Stress

• Intonation

• Loudness

• Pitch level

• Juncture

• Speaking rate

Stress

intonation

loudness

pitch

juncture

speaking rate

What is coarticulation

The way sounds overlap during

articulation causing articulatory

characteristics of phonemes to vary

according to context

What is phonetic context

The production of a sound is

influenced by other sounds around it—

its phonetic context

• Anticipatory

• Retentive

• Assimilation

• Morphophonemics

What are the stages of phonological development?

Prelinguistic Stage (0;1-1;0)

• First Words (1;0-1;6)

• Phonemic development (1;6-4;0)

• Stabilization of the phonological system (4;0-8;0)

What are all 5 of Oller’s prelinguistic stages?

Stage 1: Phonation stage

(0-1 month)

Stage 2: Coo and goo stage

(2-3 months)

Stage 3: Exploration-expansion stage

(4-6 months)

Stage 4: Canonical babbling stage

(7-9 months)

Stage 5: Variegated babbling stage

(10-12 months) Jargon: strings of babbled utterances that are modulated by

intonation, rhythm, and pausing (11 month video)

• Increased phonetic repertoire and more complex syllables

produced (12 month video)

• Phonetically consistent forms, invented words, sensorimotor

morphemes, quasi-words

• Vocalization absent of a recognizable adult model

What are advanced and frozen forms?

advanced: Words that have an advanced pronunciation in comparison to

the child’s current phonological system or production of other

words

frozen forms: Child’s static or unchanging pronunciations despite his or her

progression into a more advanced phonological system

What is the difference between articulation and phonology?

articulation: Refers to motor or

structural components that

can be seen, heard, and

produced

• Tends to affect 1-3 sounds

• Severity: mild to moderate

Phonology: Broader and more abstract

• Rule based

• Language based

• Severity: moderate, severe,

profound

Phonological / error patterns

A systematic sound change that affects classes of

sounds or sound sequences and results in a

simplification of production

• Hodson prefers to use phonological deviations as a

“label” – not processes

• Diagnostically she uses “disordered phonology”

what are the 10 syllable structure processes

Affect syllable structure through the deletion or addition of

phonemes or syllables

• Unstressed-Syllable Deletion

• Reduplication

• Epenthesis

• Diminutization

• Coalescence

• Final Consonant Deletion

• Initial Consonant Deletion

• Cluster Reduction

• Cluster Deletion

• Cluster Substitution

What are the 7 substitution patterns

• Stopping

  • Deaffrication

  • Velar Fronting

  • Depalatalization

  • Backing

  • Liquid Gliding

  • Vocalization/Vowelization

What are the 6 assimilation patterns

Labial Assimilation

• Velar Assimilation

• Nasal Assimilation

• Alveolar Assimilation

• Prevocalic Voicing

• Postvocalic Devoicing