Human Anatomy & Physiology I - Chapter 6: Bones & Skeletal Tissue

What are the three types of cartilage?

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

How does cartilage grow?

appositional growth, interstitial growth, and calcification

List the major functions of bones

support, protection, anchorage, mineral storage, blood cell formation, fat storage, and hormone production

What are the components of the axial skeleton?

skull, vertebral column, rib cage

What are the components of the appendicular skeleton?

limbs

compact bone

the dense, hard, outer layer of bone tissue that provides strength, protection, and rigidity

spongy bone

a less dense, honeycomb-like bone tissue found at the ends of long bones and within flat bones like the pelvis, ribs, and skull

trabeculae

the thin columns and plates of bone that create a spongy structure in a cancellous bone

What are the five types of bone cells?

osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone lining cells, osteoclasts

What are the two types of ossification?

endochondral ossification

process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

intramembranous ossification

process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue

Epiphyseal plate cartilage organizes into four important functional zones:

proliferation, hypertrophic, calcification, ossification

What are the two controls of bone remodeling?

hormonal control and mechanical & gravitational forces

parathyroid hormone

a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that primarily regulates blood calcium and phosphate levels

calcitonin

lowers blood calcium levels

Wolff's law

bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it

What are the four steps of fracture treatment and repair?

hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callous formation, bony callus formation, remodeling of the bony callus