Human Anatomy & Physiology I - Chapter 6: Bones & Skeletal Tissue

What are the three types of cartilage?

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

How does cartilage grow?

appositional growth, interstitial growth, and calcification

List the major functions of bones

support, protection, anchorage, mineral storage, blood cell formation, fat storage, and hormone production

What are the components of the axial skeleton?

skull, vertebral column, rib cage

What are the components of the appendicular skeleton?

limbs

compact bone

the dense, hard, outer layer of bone tissue that provides strength, protection, and rigidity

spongy bone

a less dense, honeycomb-like bone tissue found at the ends of long bones and within flat bones like the pelvis, ribs, and skull

trabeculae

the thin columns and plates of bone that create a spongy structure in a cancellous bone

What are the five types of bone cells?

osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone lining cells, osteoclasts

What are the two types of ossification?

endochondral and intramembranous ossification

endochondral ossification

process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

intramembranous ossification

process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue

Epiphyseal plate cartilage organizes into four important functional zones:

proliferation, hypertrophic, calcification, ossification

What are the two controls of bone remodeling?

hormonal control and mechanical & gravitational forces

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that primarily regulates blood calcium and phosphate levels

calcitonin

a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels

Wolff's law

bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it

What are the four steps of fracture treatment and repair?

hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callous formation, bony callus formation, bone remodelling

diaphysis

aka as shaft, forms the long axis of the bone

epiphyses

the ends of the bone that have a thin layer of articular (hyaline) cartilage

endosteum

a delicate connective tissue that covers internal bone surfaces

red marrow

hematopoietic (blood-forming) tissue found in the medullary cavity of the diaphysis and spongy bone

List some examples of flat bones.

skull bones (frontal, parietal, and occipital bones), ribs, sternum (breastbone), scapulae (shoulder blades), and the bones of the pelvis

Bone markings fit into three categories:

projections, surfaces, depressions & openings

projections

sites of muscles and ligament attachment

surfaces

forms joints

depressions & openings

for blood vessels and nerves

What are the five major cell types that populate bone tissue?

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone lining cells, and osteoclasts

What cell type of bone tissue does not originate from embryonic connective tissue cells?

osteoclasts

osteoprogenitor cells (osteogenic)

mitotically active stem cells found in the membranous periosteum and endosteum

osteoblasts

bone forming cells that secrete the bone matrix

osteocytes

mature bone cells that occupy spaces (lacunae) that conform to their shape

osteoclasts

giant multinucleate cells located at sites of bone resorption

The structural unit of compact bone is called the ______.

osteon

bone lining cells

flat cells found on bone surfaces where bone remodeling is not going on

Some osteoprogenitor cells become _______. Some osteoblasts become _______.

osteoblasts; osteocytes

osteoid

the organic part of the matrix