ch1 survey of corrections

community corrections

a model of corrections based on the assumption that reintegrating the offender into the community should be the goal of the criminal justice system

congregate system

a penitentiary system developed in auburn NY in which inmates were help in isolation at night but worked with other prisoners during the day under a rule of silence

corrections

the variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of individuals who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses

crime control model

a model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by increased use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision

evidence based corrections

a movement to ensure that correctional programs and policies are based on research evidence about “what works”

federalism

A system of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between a national government and state governments.

intermediate sanctions

A variety of punishments that are more restrictive than traditional probation but less severe and costly than incarceration.

jail

A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods longer than 48 hours. Most jails are administered by county governments; sometimes they are part of the state government.

justice reinvestment

a movement in which money saved by reducing prison population is used to build up crime prevention programs in the community

lease system

a system under which inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their labor

mark system

A system in which offenders are assessed a certain number of points at the time of sentencing, based on the severity of their crime. Prisoners could reduce their term and gain release by earning marks through labor, good behavior, and educational achievement.

medical model

a model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, or biological deficiencies that require treatment

parole

(1)The conditional release of an inmate from incarceration, under supervision, after part of the prison sentence has been served.

(2) A system of supervision of those who have been released from confinement, sometimes including the option of early release from confinement before the expiration of the sentence.

penitentiary

an institution intended to isolate prisoners from society and from one another so that they could reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and thus undergo reformation

positivist school

An approach to criminology and other social sciences based on the assumption that human behavior is a product of social, economic, biological, and psychological factors and that the scientific method can be applied to ascertain the causes of individual behavior.

prison

an institution for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felonies

private prison

the operation of a prison by a private company under contract with a local, state, or the federal government, often as a for profit business

probation

(1) A sentence allowing the offender to serve the sanctions imposed by the court while living in the community under supervision. (2) An agency that supervises the community adjustment of people who are convicted of crimes but are not sentenced to confinement in prison or jail.

reformatory

an institution for young offenders that emphasized training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences and parole

separate confinement

a penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania in which each inmate was help in isolation from other inmates, with all activities, including craft work, carried on in the cells

social control

actions and practices, of individuals and institutions, designed to induce conformity with the norms and rules of society

system

A complex whole consisting of interdependent parts whose operations are directed toward common goals and are influenced by the environment in which they function.