Intro to Cells

Most eukaryotic cells possess a single _ that contains two copies of most genes

Nucleus, The Tree of Life Has Major Divisions that classify living things

Prokaryotes: include the domains

Archea and Bacteria

Eukaryotes

protista, fungi, animal and plants

Are the Most Diverse and Numerous Cells on Earth, Some are aerobic (use O2), some anaerobic (killed by O2) • Any organic, carbon material is a source of food Some are photosynthetic Use sunlight to produce organic molecules from CO2 Have intracellular membranes where photosynthesis occurs no nucleus; these are characterics of?

Prokaryotes

__ A phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen.

Cyanobacteria

Which domain of Prokaryotes Live in extreme environments

Archaea

Which domain of Prokaryotes Live are all other bacteria

Bacteria

In the eukaryotic cell, The Nucleus

Is the Information Store of the Cell

In the eukaryotic cell, the Mitochondria

Generate Usable Energy from Food Molecules

In the eukaryotic cell,

Chloroplasts Capture Energy from Sunlight\\

In the eukaryotic cell, Internal Membranes Create

Intracellular Compartments with Different Functions

In the eukaryotic cell, The Cytosol Is a

Concentrated Aqueous Gel of Large and Small Molecules

In the eukaryotic cell, The Cytoskeleton Is Responsible for

Directed Cell Movements

DNA is dispersed as fine threads throughout the

Nucleus

Generate energy for the cell, Oxidize food molecules like sugar to produce energy in the form of ATP,Consumes Oxygen and releases CO2, Process is called cell respiration • Without , cells could not use oxygen to obtain energy. Have their own DNA and can reproduce by dividing

Mitochondria

Found in plants and algae, Internal stacks of membrane contain chlorophyll, Carry out photosynthesis Trap the energy of the sun to make sugars, That can be broken down to make energy (in the mitochondria) Also have their own DNA, can divide and are thought to have evolved from bacteria

Chloroplasts

A technique that uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small objects, such as cells and tissues

Conventional light microscopy

Prisms can change which photons make it to the

eyepiece

When you fix cells with formaldehyde, the proteins

get crosslinked so the cell structure is preserved. But after fixing, the cell membrane is still a barrier, so antibodies can’t get inside. This lets antibodies enter and find their targets inside the cell. Antibodies work by binding to specific parts of proteins called epitopes.

Antibodies usually recognize a protein’s shape (its 3D structure). If the protein is unfolded or denatured, the antibody

may not bind

Monoclonal antibodies come from one B cell clone. They are all the same and bind strongly to

one specific epitope.

Polyclonal antibodies come from many B cell clones. They can bind to

different epitopes on the same protein.

Fluorescence happens when molecules absorb high-energy light (like blue). They then emit

lower-energy light (like green).

If you shine light on some molecules, you may see light of a different color emitted from those molecules.

This is known as fluorescence.

Dyes absorb photons of higher energy (shorter wavelength) and emit photons at

lower energy (longer wavelength).

The energy difference between excitation and emission is called

the Stokes Shift.

Fluorescence is when molecules absorb light of one color and then emit

light of a different color.

Dichroic mirrors (beam splitters) guide light by

selectively transmitting and reflecting different wavelengths.

A Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope uses lasers and pinholes to

scan samples and collect sharp, thin optical sections with reduced background.

In a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), the specimen coated with metal is scanned by a focused electron beam, and the scattered electrons are collected to form

a three-dimensional image on a video screen.

The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) uses electrons instead of light and magnetic coils instead of glass lenses; with very thin, metal-stained specimens in a vacuum, it produces

high-resolution images (up to 1 nm) with magnification of about a million-fold.

DNA->RNA->Protein =

“Central Dogma”

_ is central to the chemistry of life.

Carbon

Condensation reaction can join two; Polysaccharides undergo hydrolysis to yield a.; basic subunits or building blocks of carbohydrates

monosaccharides