ap psych type shit

What is intelligence?

The capacity to acquire knowledge, reason effectively, and adapt to one's surroundings through inherited abilities and learned experiences.

What is psychometrics?

The scientific study of using mathematical methods to measure psychological variables through reliable and valid tests.

What does factor analysis do?

It uses statistics to reduce the number of variables by clustering related items.

Who proposed the Two-Factors Theory of Intelligence?

Charles Spearman.

What are the two factors in Spearman's theory?

General Factor (g factor) and Specific Abilities (s-factor).

What is the main criticism of Spearman's Two-Factors Theory?

It focuses mainly on cognitive abilities and neglects other important types of abilities.

Who developed the Primary Mental Abilities theory?

L.L. Thurstone.

How many primary mental abilities did Thurstone identify?

Seven.

What are some of Thurstone's primary mental abilities?

Verbal comprehension, verbal fluency, inductive reasoning, spatial visualization, number computation, memory recall, and perceptual speed.

What is Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligences?

It posits that intelligence consists of multiple abilities that exist independently of each other.

How many intelligences did Gardner originally propose?

Seven, but it has expanded to eight.

What are the eight intelligences in Gardner's theory?

Verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist.

What is a prodigy?

A person with exceptional talents or powers who does not have an intellectual disability.

What is Savant Syndrome?

A rare condition where an intellectually disabled person displays exceptional skill in a limited domain.

Who proposed the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?

Robert Sternberg.

What are the three types of intelligence in Sternberg's theory?

Practical, analytical, and creative intelligence.

What is fluid intelligence?

The ability to solve new problems and make associations quickly.

What is crystallized intelligence?

Knowledge acquired over a lifetime, including vocabulary and factual knowledge.

What is emotional intelligence?

The ability to recognize and manage emotions in oneself and others.

What was one of the earliest methods to determine intelligence?

Phrenology, the study of bumps on the head.

Who introduced the idea that intelligence is hereditary?

Sir Francis Galton.

What was the purpose of the Binet-Simon scale?

To determine which students could not succeed in regular classrooms.

What concept did Binet introduce in intelligence testing?

Mental age, indicating the typical age group an individual's score represents.

What formula did William Stern create for IQ?

Mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100.

What is the major flaw of Stern's IQ formula?

It is not effective for creating ratios in older individuals.

What is the deviation IQ?

A modern IQ score obtained by dividing an individual's score by the average score of their age group.

Who translated and revised the Binet test for use in the U.S.?

Lewis Terman.

What is the Stanford-Binet test known for?

Its high reliability and predictive value.

What does the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale measure?

Scholastic aptitude, often revised and currently using deviation IQ scores.

Who criticized the Stanford-Binet test and why?

David Wechsler criticized it for being too focused on verbal skills.

What are the two types of intelligence tests designed by Wechsler?

Separate tests for adults and children, including verbal and performance subscales.

What is the difference between intelligence and IQ?

Intelligence is a complex concept, while IQ is a specific score on an intelligence test.

What are the two general categories of intelligence tests?

Achievement tests and aptitude tests.

What is the purpose of achievement tests?

To determine the level of knowledge an individual has regarding a particular subject or skill.

What do aptitude tests evaluate?

They predict the success of an individual by assessing general abilities necessary for academic or career success.

What is the difference between individual and group intelligence tests?

Individual tests are administered one-on-one, while group tests are given to many examinees simultaneously.

What are power tests and speed tests in intelligence testing?

Power tests measure abilities under little or no time pressure; speed tests assess how quickly problems are solved.

What is standardization in test construction?

It ensures uniformity of procedures in test administration to establish reliability and validity.

What is a normal distribution in the context of intelligence testing?

A bell-shaped curve where the mean, median, and mode are equivalent, with predictable patterns of scores.

What percentage of scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean in a normal distribution?

Approximately 68%.

How is a z-score related to standard deviations?

Positive z-scores indicate scores above the mean, while negative z-scores indicate scores below the mean.

What does percentile rank indicate?

The percentage of scores equal to or below a specific score in a distribution.

How do you calculate percentile rank for an IQ score of 115?

It corresponds to the 84th percentile based on z-scores and standard deviations.

What does reliability refer to in intelligence testing?

The consistency or repeatability of a particular assessment.

What is split-half reliability?

Comparing scores on one half of the test to scores on the other half.

What is test-retest reliability?

Comparing scores of the same individual on the same test taken on two different occasions.

What is alternate-forms reliability?

Comparing results of two different but equivalent versions of a test.

What is interrater reliability?

Comparing scores given by different examiners for the same test subject.

What does validity refer to in testing?

The accuracy of the test or measurement instrument being used.

What is face validity?

The extent to which a test appears to measure what it intends to measure on the surface.

What does content validity measure?

The extent to which a test accurately measures the entire breadth of the subject it is intended to measure.

What is construct validity?

The extent to which a test accurately measures an abstract theoretical idea or skill it is intended to measure.

What is concurrent validity?

The extent to which a test score from a new assessment correlates with a well-known assessment given at the same time.

What is predictive validity?

The extent to which a test score accurately predicts a future characteristic.

What percentage of the population falls within two standard deviations of intelligence scores?

95% of the population.

What is intellectual disability?

A diagnosis given to individuals with a low IQ score and problems coping with basic demands of independent living.

What is the typical IQ score for individuals with intellectual disability?

Typically involves individuals with an IQ of less than 70.

What is the most common cause of intellectual disability?

Down Syndrome, accounting for 10-20% of all moderately to severely disabled individuals.

What genetic condition is associated with intellectual disability and involves an extra chromosome?

Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome).

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

A condition involving difficulties in communication and social interactions, along with restrictive and repetitive behaviors.

What is giftedness commonly defined as?

Children who have an IQ over 130.

Who published 'Genetic Studies of a Genius' and what was its focus?

Lewis Terman published it, studying gifted children with IQ scores over 140.

What is creativity in the context of intelligence?

Cognitive processes resulting in original and useful ideas.

What is the Flynn effect?

The phenomenon demonstrating that the average IQ has been rising dramatically over successive generations.

What is stereotype threat?

The risk of conforming to negative stereotypes about one's social group, which can negatively impact performance.

What is a fixed mindset?

The belief that intelligence is static and unchangeable from birth.

What is a growth mindset?

The belief that intelligence can develop with effort and experience.

What is the difference in average IQ scores between males and females?

Males score higher on visual-spatial and mathematical tasks, while females score higher on verbal ability and reading comprehension.

What is the significance of heritability in intelligence?

It indicates the estimated amount of variation among individuals that is related to genetics.

What are culture-fair tests?

Tests designed to allow all individuals, regardless of culture, the opportunity to perform equally well.

What are culture-relevant tests?

Tests that focus on skills and knowledge specific to a particular culture.

What is the relationship between creativity and intelligence test scores?

There is a low correlation between creativity and intelligence test scores.

What are the two types of intelligence that change during old age?

Fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.

What factors influence the development of intelligence?

Both genetic (nature) and environmental (nurture) factors contribute to differences in intelligence.

What is the role of mirror neurons in autism spectrum disorder?

Deficiencies in mirror neurons may contribute to difficulties in empathy and social relations in autistic children.