Final Exam Language Development

a child’s ability to decontextualize language begins to emerge around what age?

5

when the meaning of a temporal term is unknown a preschooler will rely on?

the order that the events are mentioned

the process of interpreting words with reference to the position of the speaker is

deixis

conversations are____whereas narratives are______.

dialogues; decontextualized language

children only begin to realize that indirect request are more polite than direct request around what age?

5

what type of information do preschool children rely heavily on when answering questions?

contextual information

as a child’s lexicon expands….

there is a need for better cognitive organization and sematic networks are formed

who do most preschooler’s conversations occur with?

mother-child interactions

the ability to make same/different judgements seems to be related to the development of what?

conservation

even more than conservations narrative reflect the speaker’s what?

culture

the narratives of 2 year old’s generally consist of what?

centering and lack a central theme and organization

two strategies to organize narratives

centering & chaining

which of the following is NOT a strong factor in the success of successive second language learning?

A. age of the preadolescent child

B. attitude toward the users of the second child

C. identification with the users of the second language

D. need to develop and use the second language

A. age of the preadolescent child

explain the stages of successive language learning

explain what the term “register” means.

registers are different speaking styles for different roles.

Why might children have a difficult time using different registers? explain what is needed in terms of form, content, and use

Children might have a difficult time using different registers because they could have difficulty understanding their role in expressive language. In terms form the semantic arrangement of words must apply to the order for things to be communicated clearly. For content, the child has to have an understanding of what they are saying and the meaning behind it. For use, children would have to have an understanding on how language is used in different situations in order to properly use registers.

By 2 weeks a infant is able to

distinguish their mother from a stranger

lexicon

personal mental dictionary

How does toddler growth, play, and attention change around 18–24 months?

bodily and brain growth slows; fine motor skills and attention spam improves allowing book exploration, pretend reading and appropriate play with toy phones, dishes, dress up etc. toddlers also begin to play near peers but the play is nonsocial

what does noncompliance reflect?

increasing self-awareness and the abilty to influence others

what predicts vocabulary growth?

better gestures and object use, joint attention and joint consonant diversity

what are holophrases?

single words conveying a holistic communitive intention

how do gesture support early communication?

initially intentions are signaled by gestures; gesture coordinate with words and may reinforce meaning and support comprehension

when do shared intentionality and joint attention emerge?

12 to 14 months

how is maternal speech related to first words?

frequency and repetition in maternal speech influence early vocabulary learning because children often use words in the same context that they hear from caregivers

when do verbs appear and how do children learn them?

verbs appear soon after first words and true verbs come later children identify verbs and understand underlying concepts; word- action order enhances comprehension and word production

how do toddlers map word meanings and form concepts?

through social sensitivity and the mapping of sounds to meanings. Sematic characteristics, functional cores, and associative/prototypical complexes all contribute to the formation of concepts. Adult feedback may cause words to be overextended, underextended, or refined.

how do multi-word utterance develop and what skills support them?

Toddlers start combining words utilizing pivot schemas or item-based constructions around the age of 18 months. Multi-step language production is guided by social-cognitive abilities such as play, problem-solving, and planning.

what factors influence early language acquisition and variation?

vocabulary drives grammar ,syntax informs meaning and phonological memory aids both. health cognition, environment, TV exposure and SES all play roles. language delays often cause social withdrawal

what abilities do toddlers have by 24 months?

children can engage in conversations, initiate/maintain topics, request information, and regulate social interactions showing a increase in independence and communication efficenty

when do modifiers and verb-like words appear relative to the first word?

soon after the first word

how does word order affect verb comprehension in toddlers?

words followed by action facilitates comprehension and production

how do toddlers initially use language?

to discuss objects, events, and relations that are present

what is context-bound words?

some words are used only within specific context

how do toddlers map sounds to meanings?

by pairing arbitrary sounds with meaning aka mapping

what is overextension?

using a word too broadly to refer to multiple things

what is underextension?

using a word too narrowly

what age do children begin to use longer utterances?

18 months

how do social-cognitive skills influence multi-word utterances?

children plan multi-step actions and form mental combinations that influence language construction

how is play linked to language?

nonlinguistic activities and role play help form abstractions that lead to item based constructions in language

how does phonological development influence first words?

children avoid words they cannot pronounce lexical growth influences sound production

what factor influence recognition and production?

frequency of use and phonotactic probability

what is phonotactic probability?

the likehood of a sound pattern occurring in language

what is implicit language learning?

incidental language learning through exposure

what is explict languge learning?

intentional replication of words heard

when do infant become familiar with rhythmic and recurring sound patterns?

4 months for rhythms and 7 to 8 months for recurring patterns

what are common initial syllable structures?

CVC

Which consonants appear first?

m, w, b, p