ch 18 review

Describe a result of 19th century global migration.

Migrating peoples often created ethnic and cultural enclaves

How did the demands of the state and the market shape colonial labor in the 19th century?

* state demanded unpaid labor on public projects (called statute labor in French Africa)
* the Congo Free State authorized the use of forced labor in the collection of rubber


* some farmers benefited from cash-crop agriculture due to high prices for their products in the international markets (rice farmers in Burma, cacao travers in the Gold Coast

Construct the rationales used to justify Western imperialism in the 19th century.

Economic- the need for raw materials and agricultural products to fuel Europe's industrialization

Political- colonies were strategically important in the game of international power politics

In the 19th century, European interest in expanding overseas markets was driven by a desire to do what?

Sell surplus manufactured goods

Infer some reasons why some colonized people choose to support European colonial regimes.

\-many men found employment, status, and security in European-led armed forces

\-some local elites saw an opportunity to retain much of their earlier statuses and privileges while gaining considerable wealth by working as local intermediaries or administrators for the colonial powers

\-European education created a small Western-educated class, whose members served the colonial state, European businesses, and Christian missions

What gave Europeans an advantage in their encounters with people in Asia, Africa, and Oceania during the 2nd half of the 19th century?

European superiority in military organization and discipline

How did ways of working change in the parts of the world that came under European colonial rule in the 19th century?

More people worked on public projects for free

How did emphasis on cash-crop AG in European colonies affect African and Asian farmers

It made them vulnerable to price fluctuations in the international markets

Summarize the ways in which the lives of women in Africa changed with the arrival of colonial empires.

* Women sought closer relations with their birth families, introduced labor-saving crops, adopted new farm implements, and earned money as traders. In the cities they established a variety of self help associates.
* Colonial economies sometimes offered women opportunities, particularly in small-scale trade and marketing, which could give them considerable economic autonomy
* Colonial society often made women nearly independent heads of households; others took advantage of new opportunities in mission schools.

The colonization of New Zealand and Australia during the 19th century was most similar to the colonization of what other areas?

North America in the 17th century

How were the colonial takeovers of India and Indonesia during the 19th century similar?

In both, colonial conquest grew out of earlier or previoius interaction w European trading firms

In what respect were Ethiopia's and Siam's encounters w European imperialism in the 19th century similar?

Both avoided the coloniation to which their neighbors succumbed

How did Darwin's ideas on evolution influence Western imperialism?

They were used to justify the displacement, or the destruction, of weak races

What was the relationship between the number of European settlers in colonies in Africa, Asia, and Oceania and the extent of racial segregation and discrimination in the imperialism of the 19th century?

Colonies with a larger European settler population experienced more racial discrimination and segregation

What was a European colonial view that shaped the development of African identity in the 19th century?

The notion of Africa divided into tribes

How did race and gender define colonial relations in the 19th century?

* the inferiority of women was linked to people or colors, merging gender ideology, and racial prejudice to justify colonial rule
* European women were viewed as bearers and emblems of civilization in need of protection against the alleged lust of native men
* Certain segments of colonial society were gendered as masculine of "mortal races" (Sikins and Gurkhas in India, Kamba in Kenya, Harsa in Nigeria)

How did the spread of Western education affect colonial society?

It created a new elite who saw themselves as a modernizing vanguard in the regeneration of their societies