Exam 1 Study Guide – Damron (6th Edition) Key Terms (Vocabulary Flashcards)

80 VOCABULARY flashcards covering key terms from the notes (animals, production systems, nutrition, environmental and social influences, and non-food uses).

Bull

A mature male cattle used for breeding.

Cow

A mature female bovine used for breeding and milk production.

Heifer

A young female cattle that has not produced a calf.

Steer

A castrated male cattle raised for beef.

Calf

A young bovine; can be male or female.

Boar

A mature male pig.

Sow

A female pig; has reproduced.

Gilt

A young female pig that has not yet farrowed.

Barrow

A castrated male pig.

Piglet

A young pig.

Ram

An adult male sheep.

Ewe

An adult female sheep.

Wether

A castrated male sheep.

Lamb

A young sheep.

Buck/Billy

A male goat.

Doe/Nanny

A female goat.

Kid

A young goat.

Rooster

A male chicken.

Hen

A female chicken.

Cockerel

A young male chicken.

Pullet

A young female chicken.

Capon

A castrated male chicken.

Chick

A young chicken.

Stallion

An adult male horse, especially used for breeding.

Mare

A female horse.

Gelding

A castrated male horse.

Colt

A young male horse.

Filly

A young female horse.

Foal

A young horse.

Poultry

Domesticated birds raised for eggs and/or meat.

Sheep

A domesticated ruminant kept for wool, meat, and milk.

Goat

A domesticated ruminant kept for milk, meat, and fiber.

Livestock Revolution

A rise in global demand for meat, milk, and eggs driven by urbanization, rising incomes, and population growth.

Domestication

The process of taming and breeding wild animals for human use; origins about 8,000–10,000 years ago.

Introduction to North America

Livestock were introduced to North America by Columbus and Spanish settlers.

Hindu – avoid beef

Religious/cultural practice among Hindus to avoid beef.

Halal

Permissible foods under Islamic dietary law.

Kosher

Permissible foods under Jewish dietary law.

Wealthier eat more meat

Higher economic status is associated with greater meat consumption.

Tropics

Environmental region with heat and parasites; constraints on livestock.

Deserts

Environment with water scarcity and poor forage; constraints.

Cold

Environmental constraint requiring shelter and higher energy needs.

Subsistence

Economy where food is produced mainly for family consumption.

Developing

Economies with partial industrialization moving toward market-based agriculture.

Developed

Economies with market-driven, high-technology agriculture.

Primitive

Low-input, basic tool-based production with manual labor.

Nomadic herding

Herding where animals are moved seasonally across landscapes, often in arid zones.

Ranching

Extensive cattle production over large land areas.

Market gardening

Crops and some animals grown near cities for sale.

Paddy rice farming

Rice fields often flooded, sometimes with cattle/ducks/fish integration.

Crop-livestock integrated

Integrated farming system blending crops with livestock for mutual benefits.

Intensive systems

High-output systems focusing on poultry, swine, and dairy with high inputs.

System comparison

Differences among production systems based on technology, geography, labor, and market integration.

Water

The most essential nutrient.

Carbohydrates

Energy-providing nutrient; major sources include grains.

Proteins

Growth-related nutrient; sources include soybean meal and alfalfa.

Fats

Concentrated energy source; provides insulation; sources include oils and animal fat.

Vitamins

Essential micronutrients; fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (B, C).

Macro minerals

Major minerals required in relatively large amounts (Ca, P, Mg, Na, Cl, K, S).

Micro minerals

Trace minerals required in smaller amounts (Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, I).

Carbs: grains

Carbohydrate sources such as corn, barley, and other grains.

Protein: legumes

Protein sources such as legume meals (e.g., soybean meal) and alfalfa.

Fats: oils

Fat sources including plant oils and animal fats.

Vitamins: fat-soluble

Vitamins A, D, E, and K.

Vitamins: water-soluble

Vitamins B and C.

Macro minerals: Ca, P, Mg, Na, Cl, K, S

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, chloride, potassium, and sulfur—the major minerals.

Micro minerals: Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, I

Iron, zinc, copper, selenium, and iodine—the trace minerals.

Salt blocks, supplements

Ways to supply minerals through salt blocks or feed supplements.

Leather

Tanned animal hide used for clothing, upholstery, and goods.

Maintenance

Baseline nutrient demand to maintain body weight and function.

Growth

Increased nutrient demand during body growth; often higher protein needs.

Reproduction

Nutrient needs associated with breeding, pregnancy, and fertility.

Lactation

Highest nutrient demand in lactating females due to milk production.

Work

High energy requirements for draft animals or those performing work.

Meat, milk, eggs

Primary animal-derived products used for human consumption.

Blood

By-product from slaughter used in foods or industrial products.

Fat (by-product)

Fat recovered from slaughter used in foods and other products.

Gelatin

Protein from collagen used in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.

Organs

Edible or medicinal organs used as food or by-products.

Wool

Fiber from sheep used in textiles and related products.