AP World - Chapter 1.1 - Developments in East Asia

How many centuries did the Song Dynasty rule for?

3 centuries

Who did the Song Dynasty lose control of northern lands to? What empire did the Song Dynasty become?

to the Mongols; the Jin Empire.

What is an imperial bureaucracy?

a vast organization in which appointed officials carried out the empire’s policies

What kind of government did the Song Dynasty have? How did they affect their government?

an imperial bureaucracy; they expanded it and it strengthened the dynasty

What was the civil service exam?

A Chinese test in which if one scored well, a young man could obtain a highly desired job in the bureaucracy; exams were based on knowledge of Confucian texts.

What was China’s bureaucratic system known as?

a meritocracy

At the end of the Song Dynasty how did the growth of the bureaucracy contribute to the empire’s weakness?

the Song created so many jobs and by payed officials lots of money leading to increased costs of government to the point that they began drying up China’s surplus wealth

What was the Grand Canal?

an inexpensive and efficient internal waterway transportation system that extended over 30,000 miles

What accomplishments led to rapid prosperity and population growth during the Song Dynasty?

agricultural development, improved roads and canals, encouraged foreign trade, and the spread of technology.

Who made the first guns?

innovators from the Song Dynasty

When was Champa rice introduced to China and what is it?

Sometime before the 11th century; a fast-ripening and drought-resistant strain of rice

Where did Champa rice originate from?

The Champa Kingdom in present-day vietnam

How did the introduction of champa rice expand agricultural production?

allowed farming to spread to lands where once rice could not grow, such as lowlands, riverbanks, and hills

allowed farmers to grow two crops of rice per year, a summer crop and a winter crop.

What were some other innovative agricultural methods that contributed to the Song Dynasty’s agricultural success?

use of manure (human and animal) on the fields to enrich the soil.

elaborate irrigation systems using ditches, water wheels, pumps, and terraces to increase productivity

New heavy plows pulled by water buffalo or oxen allowed previously unusable land to be cultivated

What did the Chinese use steel for?

to make or reinforce bridges, gates, and ship anchors

used steel to make religious items, such as pagodas and Buddhist figurines

Steel also strengthened the agricultural equipment, contributing to the abundance of food production as well

What was proto-industrialization?

a set of economic changes in which people in rural areas made more goods than they could sell

What type of production did proto industrialization rely on?

home-based or community-based production using simple equipment

what are artisans?

skilled craftworkers

What did artisans produce that was traded through trade networks?

steel products, porcelain, and silk

What were some maritime technologies that the Song Dynasty created?

the compass (maritime navigation)

redesigned ships to carry more cargo.

China’s ability to print paper navigation charts (made seafaring possible in open waters, out of sight of land, and sailors became less reliant on the sky for direction)

Advances in naval technology allowed China to control what?

control trade in the South China Sea

How did the Song change how they built public projects?

Instead of requiring that people labor on these projects, the government paid people to work on them

(promoted economic growth)

What was the tributary system?

A set of practices that required a show of subordination from all non-Chinese authorities and the payment of products of value from their countries to the Chinese emperor.

In return, China would grant trading rights to foreigners and offer gifts even more valuable than the tribute itself.

How did the tributary system positively impact China?

This system cemented China’s economic and political power over several foreign countries

created stability and stimulated trade for all parties involved

What was kowtow?

a ritual in which anyone greeting the Chinese emperor must bow his or her head until it reached the floor

What are some examples of tributary states in the Song Dynasty?

Japan, Korea, and kingdoms throughout southeast Asia

What area of China grew in prominence in this productive period?

urban areas as people used to live mostly in rural areas

what were some of the largest cities in China from 1200-1450?

Chang’an (ancient capital)

Hangzhou (at the southern end of the Grand Canal)

the port city of Guangzhou

What caused the rise of the new social class (the scholar gentry) in China?

bureaucratic expansion

Who were the scholar gentry?

scholar gentry were a social class educated in Confucian

philosophy and became the most influential social class in China

What did patriarchal Confucian beliefs expect form women?

That they would defer to men

What is foot binding?

a common practice among aristocratic families during the Song Dynasty

at a young age, girls had their feet wrapped so tightly that the bones did not grow naturally

What was the effect of foot binding on Song China?

Reinforced gender inequality placed by popular Confucian beliefs as women could not leave the house or walk

Who was the first culture to use woodblock printing?

The Chinese

How did the Chinese’s previous creation of paper and printing effect agriculture in the Song Dynasty?

It allowed printed booklets on how to farm efficiently to be distributed throughout rice-growing regions

How did paper and printing affect literacy rates in Song China?

Most peasants were still illiterate, but privileged classes had increased access to literature

What is Theravada Buddhism? Where did it become prominent?

a form of Buddhism focused on personal spiritual growth through silent meditation and self-discipline

It became strongest in Southeast Asia

What is Mahayana Buddhism? Where did it become prominent?

Mahayana Buddhism focused on spiritual growth for all beings and on service

It became strongest in China and Korea

How did monks introduce Buddhism to the Chinese?

by relating its beliefs to Daoist principles

What is Tibetan Buddhism? Where did it become prominent?

Tibetan Buddhism focused on chanting

It became strongest in Tibet

what does syncretic mean?

fused or combined

what is Chan or Zen Buddhism?

Buddhist doctrines combined with elements of Daoist traditions

How did Zen Buddhism differ from original Buddhism?

Zen Buddhism emphasized direct experience and meditation as opposed to formal learning based on studying scripture.

How did the Song Dynasty feel about Buddhism? And about Confucianism?

The Song Dynasty was somewhat more friendly towards Buddhism, but it did not go out of its way to promote the religion.

It preferred to emphasize China’s native traditions, such as Confucianism

What Confucian idea helped the Song maintain their rule in China?

filial piety

What is filial piety?

the duty of family members to subordinate their desires to those of the male head of the family and to the ruler

How did Japan differ in its interactions with China from Korea or Vietnam?

Japan could choose what to take from Chinese culture and government while Korea and Vietnam were mainly forced due to their close proximity

When was the Heian Period and what happened in it?

794 -1185 C.E.

In the Heian period, Japan emulated Chinese traditions in politics, art, and literature.

Who were the daimyo in Japanese feudalism?

they were land owning aristocrats

What was one aspect in which Japanese feudalism differed from European feudalism?

daimyo enjoyed much more power than the nobility in Europe did (Europe put the monarch above the nobility while the Japanese did not)

What is bushido?

The “way of the warrior,” referring to the martial values of the Japanese samurai that stressed frugality, loyalty, the martial arts, and honor unto death.

What were some ways Korea was politically and culturally similar to China?

centralized Chinese-style governments

adopted Confucian and Buddhist beliefs

adopted Chinese writing system

What are some ways the Vietnamese took from China?

Vietnam adapted the Chinese writing system and architectural styles.

How did the Vietnamese differ from the Chinese when it comes to women in marriages?

Vietnamese women enjoyed greater independence in their married lives than did Chinese women in the Confucian tradition

What are nuclear families?

just a wife, husband, and their children

What customs did Vietnamese women reject from China?

foot binding and polygyny

What is polygyny?

having more than one wife at a time