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Sociological Positivist Theories
Durkheim's theory that rapid social change can lead to normlessness, resulting in deregulation of people's behavior. When people go against norms, often in the form of deviance or delinquency, it is typically because they are experiencing forces in their social world leading them to do so and a breakdown of social cohesion.
An adaptation where individuals abandon the cultural goal but continue to adhere to societal norms superficially by going through the motions.
Subcultural Theory of delinquency
This theory suggests that youth in marginalized communities create subcultures with distinct values and norms that often conflict with mainstream society, leading to delinquent behavior as a form of resistance.
Anomie theories of Race, Class, Gender
Race: Not much research on race, but black adults were very committed to the American Dream. Also more likely to have lower-paying jobs or be unemployed, yet they did not experience strain that led to crime. Whites feel more frustrated!
Gender: Usually not many differences are found in terms of rates of delinquency of boys and girls related to measures of strain. MIXED findings!
Class: Adolescents are more likely to report delinquency if they feel their access to legit means is not the same as those around them.
The theory that crime results from societal instability and changes, leading to disorganization and deviance. Society is always in the midst of a cycle of change.
Social Ecology
Study of the relationships between individuals, social groups, and their environments
Symbiosis
A state of interdependence that social disorganization theorists state characterizes the social world. Give and take in order to survive. Major changes in society include: immigration, urbanization, and the rise of tech which disrupt social balance.
Heterogeneity
Difference and diversity; in a neighborhood context this often reduces informal social control, lack of shared norms.
A model illustrating urban areas' degrees of social disorganization through designated zones.
Zone 1: The central business zone
2: Transition zone
3: Multifamily housing
4: Single-family housing
5: Commuter Zone
Understand Sampson and Groves' Model of Social Disorganization
Social disorganization leads to sparse local friendship networks, unsupervised teenage peer groups, and low organizational participation which facilitate crime and delinquency.This model explains how social disorganization in communities contributes to crime by weakening social ties and community cohesion.
Intervening Variables
Variables that change the relationships between other variables because of their existence, intermediate steps between social disorganization and its expression in the form of delinquency.They include factors like poverty, residential instability, and ethnic diversity that influence crime rates.
Social Disorganization Theories of Delinquency on Race, Class, and Gender
Race: Youth of color who are growing up with socially disorganized neighborhoods that bear the burdens of imprisonment.
Class: Low socioeconomic class can be a sign of disorganization which can tend to lead to higher rates of delinquency and crime.
Gender: Very little attention has been paid to gender, girls may be more protected due to less freedom but not necessarily proven. Less collective efficacy actually showed more delinquency in girls.
Main premise of critical theories of delinquency
is that the social structures and power dynamics in society contribute to the criminalization of marginalized groups, often highlighting issues of inequality and injustice.
Power and Social Inequities
Power: The ability to make things happen and to exert your will or wishes upon others.
Social Inequities: A concept that refers to unfair distributions of power and social control.
Power Differentials
The ability of some groups to dominate other groups in a society and decide what is criminal, how people in power use laws to benefit themselves and harm others.
Spoiled Identity
A concept referring to a person's identity that has been negatively affected by societal labels, leading to social exclusion and stigma.
Categories of deviant behavior include Conformist, Pure Deviant, Falsely Accused, and Secret Deviant.
Conformist: Following societal norm and is nor perceived as deviant.
Pure deviant: Breaking societal norms and is perceived as deviant.
Falsely Accused: Has not done anything deviant yet is perceived by others who observe him or her as deviant.
Secret Deviant: A person is doing something that would likely be perceived and labeled as deviant yet is not labeled.
Moral Panic
A widespread fear or concern that some group or behavior poses a significant threat to societal norms and values that is false or exaggerated, often fueled by media coverage and social reactions.
Social Exclusion
Youth who are negatively labeled as delinquents may later find themselves shut out or excluded from conventional or beneficial opportunities
Symbolic Interactionism
A framework that examines the way that people make meaning out of symbols, works, and other forms of communication.
Looking-glass Self
A concept that describes how individuals form their self-concept based on their perception of how others view them, reflecting societal interactions.
Positive Labeling
Those kids who are seen as good to the parents and school, and use that positive label to get away with deviance. Process of manipulating the positive labeling process can be quite thrilling.
The conflict between owners and workers that Marx and Engels stated was built into the workings of a capitalist economy.
Class Struggle
The outward manifestation of discontent that arises after workers realize that their class interests are being oppressed in a capitalist system.
Going along with the system of oppression at the heart of capitalism through robbery, drug dealing, and burglary. Get money and survive financially.
Conflict theorist view on imprisonment
Conflict theorists argue that imprisonment serves to maintain the power dynamics of capitalism by controlling marginalized populations and perpetuating social inequality.
Criminal Delinquent Subcultures
A group in which youth commit acts of delinquency to obtain something material or monetary to gain status.
Origins of Feminist Theories
Women's movement in late 1800s and early 1900s, but mainly in the 1960s and early 1970s in which a lot of social movement was happening. Not one single approach, Suffrage and Women's Movement.
3 waves of feminist theories
First: 1800s and early 1900s
Second: 1960s and early 1970s
Third: TODAY, modern times!
Feminist views on gender
1. Gender is not a natural fact but a complex product.
2. Gender and gender relations order social institutions in fundamental ways.
3. Gender relations and construct of masculinity and femininity are not symmetrical.
4. Systems of knowledge only show men's view.
5. Women should be at the center of intellectual inquiry.
Heterosexism
The institutionalized favoritism toward heterosexual people and bias against others.
How race, ethnicity, class, gender, age, sexuality, and ability interact to shape a person's social experience.
Marxist/Socialist Feminism
Focuses on the role of economics and class issues in society. Patriarchy and Capitalism
Critical Race Feminists and Multicultural Feminists
Primarily focuses on race and its interaction with sexism. Where do we identify the fact that not every woman is a white, straight, middle-class woman?
3 Gendered Pathways that Lead to Delinquency
1. Victimization/Abuse in the Home
2. Unhealthy, Intimate Relationships
3. Challenges in Trying to Live in a Society that has Gender Biases
Basic trends in the family
Marriage: On the decline, never married or higher age.
Divorce: On the decline since its high in early 1980s, 1/2 of marriages end in divorce.
Unmarried Birth Rates: Have been increasing, age in a steady decline is girls aged 15 to 19.
Family Structure
The compositional makeup of the family, such as parental type (for example, single parent or stepparent) or number of children in the household.
Family Process and Delinquency
The interactions and social changes that happen in a family.
- Attachment, Supervision (2nd most, actions known) Conflict (unrest or bad feelings), and Discipline (punishment or wrongdoing)
Attachment
The degree to which juveniles feel close to a loved one such as a parent or a grandparent. Long been successfully linked to delinquency.
Family Conflict
Considered a family process in which there is unrest or bad feelings between either the juvenile in question and his or her parents or siblings, or the juvenile's parents
Egalitarian household
A household in which both partners (for example, mother and father) have similar levels of power. Boys and girls have same level of delinquency in these households.
Child Maltreatment (Abuse or neglect, is categorized into physical, emotional, and sexual types)
Abuse: Overt aggression that can be categorized in three ways: emotional, physical, and/or sexual.
Neglect: The act of depriving or failing to provide for a child's basic needs.
Relationship between Child Maltreatment and Delinquency, Including Running Away
Studies show they are related, but we must be careful of the conditions under which these relationships are more likely to exist. Earlier in life = Delinquency! Girls often run away more and are more likely to report sexual abuse.
Parents in Prison: Parental Rights, Impact on Children
The rights of a parent to have a say in a child's legal and physical custody.
- If the allegation of abuse is confirmed, the child may be placed in protective custody, meaning a short-term foster placement, a family member, or in juvenile detention centers for lack of places to put them
- Vast majority of the time a child is not removed from the family, termination of rights is rare.
- Most states statutes require that the court be notified "promptly or immediately if the child is removed"
Impact on children is guilt, trauma, withdrawal, etc. Also decline in school performance, concertation problems, and truancy.
Challenges faced in the foster care system include tracking youth, trauma of being added to the system, absent from school, 1/3 arrested in care
Diverse School Experience: Race, Class, Gender
School inequality is rampant!
- White over Black
- Girls often better at reading as time goes on, boys better at math as time goes on!
- Resource-rich communities get more taxes for funding schools!
Basic Components of Budgeting and Funding Education
-Budgeted at the STATE level
- Federal government 2% for education
- Taxes, wealthier communities have more property taxes that go to funding their school systems.
School Failure Relationship to Delinquency (4 ways)
Direct: Students who fail are more likely to engage in delinquency.
Direct: Students who are more delinquent are more likely to fail school.
Indirect: Failure has an indirect effect on likelihood to engage in delinquency by impacting a mediating event or experience for juveniles.
Spurious: Looks like failure and delinquency are related, but in reality another variable is affecting both failure and delinquency.
Factors that Influence Dropping out, the Effect on Delinquency
Not good academically
- Low self-esteem
- Held back
- Poor attitude about school
- Previously suspended
- Students who work a lot
- Rules and processes of the school
- Type of discipline in school
- Size of school and its avaliable resources
Patterns of Crime and Delinquency in Schools
Less likely to happen off-campus more on campus, girls and Asian least likely to be victimized. School shootings are very RARE! Bullying more of a worry. More boys and American Indian/Alaska Native at-risk.
Characteristics of Bullying and Cyberbullying
Repeated Nature
- Aggressive
- Label or Stigmatize Someone
- Can be direct, physical , OR can be indirect such as slander
- Cyber is willful and repeated
Homophobic Bullying and Sexually Harassing Behaviors
Homophobic: Directed at lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer population. Much more higher among these youth. Bigger schools with more diversity have less of this. More support and clubs helps.
Sexually Harrassing Behaviors: Unwelcome sexual advances, sexual favors, and other conduct by an employee, another student, or third party. Behaviors of bullying and consequences (anxiety, depression, fear) are often the same.
Consequences of Bullying
- More anxious, lonely, insecure, and unhappy
- Harder to make friends and have relationships
- Drop in grades
- Increased depression and other mental health issues
- Suicide
Punishment in Schools: School-to-Prison Pipeline
School-to-Prison: An argument that overly harsh rules, security enhancements, and punishments mean that for many students school becomes a preparation ground for prison.
- High levels of social control, more likely to be suspended or expelled.
Corporal Punishment, Restraint, and Seclusion: States' Rights, Racial Disproportionality
CP: States have right to use corporal punishment. It is racially disproportionate...More Blacks.
Seclusion: Involuntary confinement alone in a rom to prevent leaving...More Blacks!
Physical Restraint: Restricting the ability of a student to move his or her head, arms, legs, or torso. More Blacks!
School and Student Rights
Freedom of speech with balance of order, oral or written notice of suspension and evidence plus opportunity to tell side, corporal punishment, searching with probable cause, athletes give over some privacy rights, NO strip search.
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