BIOLOGY: Chapter 8 Organelles and Transport

Vesicle

small membrane bound organelle used for movement of material

Cell

the basic unit of all living organisms

Cell Theory

•all living things are made of cells
•cells are the basic unit of structure & function in living things
•new cells are made from existing cells

Types of cells

Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes

•unicellular
•no nucleus
•asexual reproduction
•example: bacteria

Eukaryotes

•unicellular or multicellular
•nucleus present
•organelles present
•sexual reproduction
•examples: plants, animals, people

All cells have...

cell membrane
cytoplasm
ribosomes
DNA

Cell membrane

•the "skin" of the cell
•protects cell from outside environment
•regulates flow of water, nutrients, & waste
•made of mostly of phospholipid bilayer
•described as "fluid mosaic model"

Cytoplasm

•material inside the membrane
•contains many important structures

Cell wall

•plant, fungi, bacteria, arcaea cells
•found outside cell membrane
•supports & protects cell

Cytoskeleton

•maintains shape
•movement

Nucleus

•the "brain" of the cell
•controls cell functions
•contains DNA
•surrounded by nuclear envelope
•contains nucleolous

Organelles

•"little organs"
•specialized parts of the cell
•examples: ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles.

all eukaryotes

nucleus are found in...

nucleolus

makes ribosomes

chromosomes

•genetic info
•holds DNA
•visbile DNA during mitosis and meiosis

mitochondria

cellular respiration to create ATP

ribosomes

makes proteins, found in all cells
float in cytoplasm or on Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

rough ER

•has ribosomes
•makes & transports proteins

golgi apparatus

packages proteins and lipids
short term storage of material

smooth ER

•no ribosomes
•detoxify cells of drugs and alcohol
•makes & transports lipids and carbs

lysosomes

•contains enzymes that break down & recycle waste

cytoplasm

•contains cell structures
•jelly like fluid

all cells

cytoplasm is found in...

nuclear envelope

covers nucleus

eukaryote plant (and plant-like protist) cells

chloroplast are found in...

vacuole

storage of material

what types of cells are cell membranes found in?

•all cells

centrioles

helps with cell division

Semi-permeable

allow certain nutrients and molecules in or out

Main parts of Cell Membrane:

•phosopholipid bilayer
•protein channel
•carbohydrates

Phosopholipid Bilayer

the core of the membrane, form a strong barrier b/w cell and the outside

Protein Channel

Forms channel to move material through the membrane

Concentration

how much solutes are in a give volume

Passive transport

Movement from an area of high concentration to areas of low concentration (getting less crowded), does not use energy

Types of passive transport

Simple Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from hight concentration to low concentration (along concentration gradient)

Facilitated diffusion

Molecules that are too large to pass through the cell membrane go through protein channels, does not use energy (ATP)

Osmosis

The diffusion of water

Types of solutions

•hypotonic
•isotonic
•hypertonic

Hypotonic

Lower solute concentration than hypertonic solution. If cell placed into hypotonic solution the cell will swell and could bust.

Isontonic

the solution outside has the same concentration as the solution inside the cell

Hypertonic

Higher solute concentration than hypotonic solution. If cell placed into hypertonic solution the cell will lose water and shrink .

chromatin

Invisible DNA found within the nucleus.

Cell Membrane

Golgi Apparatus

The UPS of the cell. Packages proteins, lipids and carbohydrates for secretion out of the cell or to transport to other parts of the cell.

Active Transport

Movement from an area of low concentration to areas of higher concentration (getting more crowded), uses energy, examples: sodium/potassium pump, endocytosis, exocytosis

Exocytosis

•type of active transport
•when a vesicles fuses with the cell membrane to take material out of the cell

Endocytosis

•type of active transport
•brings material into the cell when a pocket is the membrane breaks off forming a vesicle

Types of Endocytosis:

•phagocytosis
•pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

•large solid particles taken in
•type of Endocytosis

Pinocytosis

•small particles taken in
•type of Endocytosis