GWC-UF 101 final keyterms 單詞卡 | Quizlet

Impoverishment of Peasantry

Enclosures for sheep farming displace peasants, leading to poverty and crime.

Against Capital Punishment

Too harsh; leads thieves to kill to avoid witnesses.

Abuses of Kings

Heavy taxation, love of war, greed, and vanity.

Weaken Judges

Rotate them frequently to prevent independence.

Advising Gov't

Refuses to flatter rulers or support unjust systems.

Marital Life

Premarital chastity, public viewing of naked bodies, divorce allowed.

Religious Tolerance

Accepted, but atheism discouraged.

European State's Function

Serves the wealthy, not the common good.

Assassination in War

Acceptable if it saves lives and ends conflict quickly.

Utopian Economy

No private property; communal labor; gold is devalued.

Utopian Learning

Practical and moral; superior to scholastic trivialities.

Humanists

Renaissance reformers promoting classical learning and virtue.

Moral Goodness

Leads to happiness; aligned with reason and divine order.

Private Property

Source of inequality and crime.

Wasted Land

Can be seized and cultivated for the common good.

Sola Scriptura

Only Scripture is the true authority.

Sola Fide

Justification by faith alone.

Sola Gratia

Salvation by God's grace alone.

Three Walls

Clergy's superiority, pope's sole right to interpret Scripture, pope's authority over councils.

Arguments

All Christians are equal; Scripture open to all; reform must be possible.

Compared to Humanists

Shares critique of Church but emphasizes faith over reason.

Encomienda System

Spanish forced labor system exploiting Indigenous people.

Atrocities

Massacres, torture, slavery, starvation.

View of Indigenous Peoples

Gentle, rational, capable of Christian faith.

View of Christianity

Pure message distorted by violence and greed.

Spain's Sovereignty

Illegitimate without just cause and consent.

Fears for Spain

Divine punishment for injustice.

Effect of Writing

Sparked debates on Indigenous rights; helped end encomienda.

Epistemology

Study of knowledge and justified belief.

Foundations

Basic truths that all knowledge must rest upon.

Four Rules

Accept only clear truths, divide problems, proceed from simple to complex, check thoroughly.

Mind-Body Dualism

Mind is non-material, can doubt body, so must be separate.

Rationalism

Knowledge comes from reason, not senses (empiricism).

Clear Ideas Are True

If an idea is clear and distinct, it must be true.

Cosmological Argument

God is the cause of existence.

Ontological Argument

God's essence includes existence.

Empirical Proposition

Known through experience.

A Priori Proposition

Known through reason, independent of experience.

Ontology

All is matter in motion; no immaterial soul.

Sensations/Passions

Motions in the body; passions drive action.

Desire for Power

Stems from fear, need for security.

Equality

All equally vulnerable; anyone can kill anyone.

State of War

No security or trust; constant fear.

Good/Evil

What one desires/avoids; subjective.

Justice

Keeping covenants.

First Law

Seek peace.

Second Law

Give up rights for mutual benefit.

Justified Punishment

When breaking laws or harming the state.

Social Contract

Between individuals, not between ruler and ruled.

Disobey Sovereign

Only in self-defense.

Undivided Power

To avoid conflict and maintain peace.

Vs. Constitutional Regimes

Absolute power vs. separated powers.

Natural Rights

Life, liberty, property.

Government

Exists to protect natural rights with consent.

Punishment

For reparation and deterrence.

Property

Rightfully owned if mixed with labor and enough left for others.

Right to Property

Rooted in nature and labor.

State of Nature

Peaceful but insecure.

State of War

Violation of rights.

Good vs. Tyranny

Good protects rights; tyranny violates them.

Three Powers

Legislative, executive, federative.

Revolution

Justified when government breaches trust.

Tokugawa Shogunate

Peaceful feudal regime in Japan (1600s-1800s).

Bushido

The Way of the Warrior; moral code of samurai.

Main Elements of the Way

Loyalty, discipline, cultural learning, serving society even in peace.