Nutrition - NT100 Day 2 by A. Johnson RNP

A comprehensive set of 100 vocabulary flashcards derived from lecture notes on nutrition, detailing digestion, absorption, metabolism, and other related concepts.

Digestion

A systematic process that includes the breakdown and absorption of nutrients.

Mechanical Digestion

Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces without altering its chemical structure.

Mastication

Chewing food in the mouth.

Churning

Mixing of food in the stomach.

Segmentation

Movement in the intestines that mixes food.

Chemical Digestion

Breakdown of complex food molecules into simpler nutrients through chemical reactions.

Glucose

A simple sugar that is an important energy source.

Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins.

Fatty Acids

Building blocks of fats.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.

Amylase

An enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates.

Pepsin

An enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach.

Lipase

An enzyme that breaks down fats.

Hydrochloric Acid

A strong acid produced in the stomach that aids digestion.

Bile Salts

Substances that help emulsify fats for digestion.

Catabolism

The breakdown of complex molecules to provide energy.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical processes that occur on a cellular level.

Anabolism

The building up of complex molecules from simpler ones.

Energy Currency

Refers to ATP, the energy currency of the cell.

Triglycerides

A type of fat found in the blood, used for long-term energy storage.

Hormones

Chemical messengers that coordinate digestive processes.

Fuel Source

The type of energy used by the body depending on activity levels.

Carbohydrates

The primary fuel source for high-intensity activities.

Fats

The main fuel source during low-intensity activities and rest.

Ketones

Metabolites produced from fats during fasting.

Storage Form

The way energy is stored in the body.

Energy Yield

The amount of energy provided per gram of macronutrient.

Glycogen

Stored form of carbohydrates in the liver and muscle.

Triglycerides (adipose tissue)

Stored form of fats in the body.

Muscle Proteins, Amino Acids

Storage forms of proteins utilized during starvation.

Alcohol

A compound metabolized in the liver with energy yield.

Lactase

An enzyme that digests lactose.

Vitamin D

A nutrient that many individuals with darker skin may be deficient in.

Melanin

A pigment that reduces vitamin D synthesis from sunlight.

Sub-Saharan Africa

Region with high prevalence of lactose intolerance.

Indigenous American populations

Groups with low levels of lactase.

East Asia

Region known for higher levels of lactose intolerance.

Southeast Asia

Region with increased prevalence of lactose intolerance.

Middle Eastern populations

Groups that may experience vitamin D deficiencies.

Carbohydrate Dominance

When carbohydrates are the main fuel source.

Keto Diets

Low-carbohydrate diets that promote use of ketones for energy.

Consumption Patterns

The way different populations consume food and nutrients.

Fasting

A condition where the body uses stored energy sources.

Nutrient Absorption

The process of taking in nutrients from digested food.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body.

Energy Utilization

How the body uses stored energy during various activities.

Digestive Organs

Parts of the body involved in the process of digestion.

Bile

A fluid produced by the liver that aids in the digestion of fats.

Absorption of Nutrients

The uptake of nutrients into the blood after digestion.

Food Types

Different classifications of foods (carbohydrates, fats, proteins).

Chemical Reaction

A process that converts substances into new products.

Breakdown Process

The series of steps involved in digesting food.

Coordinated Release

Timing and regulation of enzyme and secretion release.

Nutrient Deficiency

A lack of essential nutrients in the body.

Metabolic Processes

Chemical reactions that provide energy and build up tissues.

Energy Sources

Different substrates used by the body for energy.

High-Intensity Activity

Physical activities that require rapid bursts of energy.

Low-Intensity Exercise

Activities that require less energy and stamina.

Energy Requirements

The amount of energy needed to sustain bodily functions.

Digestive System

The system that processes food and absorbs nutrients.

Anabolism vs Catabolism

Building up versus breaking down in metabolic processes.

Nutritional Factors

Factors that affect nutrient absorption and metabolism.

Food Intake

The consumption of food and its impact on health.

Macronutrients

Nutrients required in large amounts such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Micronutrients

Vitamins and minerals required in smaller amounts.

Nutrition Science

The study of how food and nutrients affect health.

Digestive Enzymes

Substances that aid in the breakdown of food.

Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibers

Muscle fibers that are used during short, high-intensity activities.

Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers

Muscle fibers used for endurance and low-intensity activities.

Carbohydrate Sources

Foods that are high in carbohydrates.

Protein Sources

Foods that are high in protein.

Fat Sources

Foods that are high in fats.

Dietary Recommendations

Guidelines for healthy eating habits.

Chronic Diseases

Long-term health conditions influenced by diet.

Dietary Patterns

Regular habits regarding food consumption.

Genetics in Nutrition

The influence of inherited traits on nutrient metabolism.

Environmental Influences

External factors that affect food choices and health.

Cultural Dietary Practices

Food traditions within different cultures.

Lifestyle Choices

Decisions that impact one’s nutrition and health.

Nutritional Education

Teaching individuals about healthy eating.

Ingestion

The process of consuming food by the mouth and moving it through the digestive system.

Absorption

The process where components of nutrients pass through the digestive system into the bloodstream and lymphatic system.

Metabolism (Nutrition Sheet)

The sum of all chemical processes that occur on a cellular level to maintain homeostasis.

Catabolism (Nutrition Sheet)

The breaking down of substances with the resultant release of energy.

Anabolism (Nutrition Sheet)

The use of energy to build or repair substances.

Energy Nutrient Metabolites

Byproducts include carbon dioxide (CO_2), water, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Glycogen Storage Locations

Excess glucose is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver and muscle tissue.

Surplus Glucose Conversion

When glycogen stores are full, excess glucose is converted to fat.

Triglyceride Storage

Glycerol and fatty acids are reassembled into triglycerides and stored in adipose tissue.

Amino Acid Usage

Used to make body proteins; surplus amino acids are converted to glucose or fat for energy.

Liver Nitrogen Removal

The liver removes nitrogen from amino acids; the remaining product is converted to glucose or fat for energy.

Cellular Energy Use Order

Cells first use available ATP for growth and repair, then use glycogen and stored fat.

Metabolic Rate

The speed at which food energy is burned.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Also called basal energy expenditure (BEE); refers to the amount of energy used in 24 hr for involuntary activities of the body.

Involuntary Body Activities

Includes maintaining body temperature, heartbeat, circulation, and respirations.

Conditions for BMR Measurement

Determined while the body is at rest and following a 12-hr fast.

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

Also called resting energy expenditure (REE); refers to calories needed for involuntary activities at rest without the 12-hr fast criteria.

Factors Contributing to BMR

Lean body mass, hormones, body surface area, age, and sex.

Sex Differences in Metabolic Rate

Males generally have a higher metabolic rate than females due to higher muscle mass and decreased amount of fat.

Thyroid Function Tests

An indirect measure of the body's Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).