HOSA Complete

Schizophrenia affects what % of people worldwide?

1% → 5x more likely in those of lower socioeconomic class

Bipolar disorder affects what % of Americans?

2.6% of adults

Depression affects what % of Americans?

7% of adult population

Anxiety affects what % of Americans?

30%

PTSD affects what % of Americans?

3-4% of adults

Insight Therapy

Historical approach which improves symptoms by building someone’s understanding of their own situation. Includes psychoanalysis

Talk, They Hear You Campaign

Reduce drinking in youth under 21, provide parent/caregiver resources

Interagency Coordinating Committee On the Prevention of Underage Drinking (ICCPUD)

Coordinate 15 federal agencies to develop a comprehensive plan to prevent underage drinking

STOP Underage Drinking

ICCPUD research website, federal/state resources, funding opportunities

National Prevention Week

Occurs in may. Promotes community involvement, resource distribution, and partnerships to increase community awareness

Communities Talk to Prevent Alcohol and Other Drug Misuse

National initiative, provides resources and stipends for community organizations, educational institutions, and state-wide initiatives. Organize activities for those aged 12-25 about the consequences of alcohol misuse.

National Children’s Mental Health Awareness Day

Increase public awareness and share initiatives that promote development, recovery, and resilience

Federal Commission on School Safety

Recommend policy and best practices for school violence prevention.

National Child Traumatic Stress Initiative (NCTSI)

Raise awareness about impacts of trauma on children/adolescents, develop and implement evidence-based interventions to reduce mental health impacts of trauma.

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Used in severe cases of depression that do not respond to other treatment. General seizures are induced while patient is anaesthetized (+muscle relaxant), caused by electrodes in the head.

Brain Stimulation

Electrical stimulation applied through surgically implanted electrodes to treat certain mood/anxiety disorders.

Neurofeedback

Used to treat ADHD and seizures, teaching client to keep measures of brain activity within a certain range.

Treating ADHD

Most common medications: Ritalin (methylphenidate), Adderal (amphetamine salts), and Dextrine (dextroamphetamine)

→increase dopamine and norepinephrine activity

Treating Schizophrenia

Phenothiazines reduce psychosis, but nearly a quarter of schizophrenic patients do not respond to it.

Tardive Dyskinesia

Syndrome that results from the use of phenothiazines by some patients, causing involuntary movements and tremors in the face and tongue.

Treating Bipolar Disorder

Most common medication is lithium carbonate. This has no effect on people w/o bipolar. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, muscular tremors, seizures, and comas. Regular blood tests are needed to monitor lithium levels.

Treating Major Depressive Disorder

Most common drug: Selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as Zoloft and Prozac

CBT is the most popular psychotherapy approach

Treating Anxiety

Combinations of CBT and medications to increase GABA activity (GABA inhibits brain activity, combating the increased brain activity caused by anxiety). Antidepressants are more effective than GABA drugs due to potential underlying causes.

Treating OCD

Mix of CBT and medications, CBT for OCD involves anticipating a compulsion and then engaging in a competing behaviour.

Treating BPD

No specific BPD drug, but some common ones include antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers (ex. lithium), anti-anxiety meds, and anti-convulsants

CBT focuses on forming relationships, and DBT (dialetical) focuses on reducing suicidal thoughts, and behaviours that interfere with therapy, and finally behvaiours interfering with daily life.

Four Dimensions of Recovery

Health, home, purpose, community

What federal law provides funding specifically for youth suicide prevention programs?

Garrett Lee Smith Memorial Act

Among those with serious mental illness, what % of deaths were caused by medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and pulmonary diseases?

95.4%

Heavy Drinking is defined as…

5+ alcoholic drinks on one occasion, on five or more days in the past month

Depressed people usually show unusually high activity in the…

right prefrontal cortex

Cyclothymia

Minor form of bipolar → 2+ years (or 1 for youth) of hypomania and depressive symptoms that don’t fit bipolar criteria

Bipolar 1 vs Bipolar 2

Bipolar 1: one severe manic episode

Bipolar 2: periods of hypomania, more often in the depressive stage

Individuals with OCD have lower than normal levels of ___ activity

serotonin

An estimated ___ americans 12+ were diagnosed with a substance abuse disorder in 2014

21.5 million

What percentage of adults experiencing a major depressive episode did not seek help?

33%

In 2024, what % of adults had co-occuring mental and substance use disorders?

34.5%

According to SAMHSA, addressing the impacts of substance use disorder costs how much yearly?

$600 billion

Every year, over ___ people report having a major depressive episode

15 million

What does short term residential rehab for substance use disorders focus on?

Detoxification

NAMI program for parents/family of children/teens with mental illness:

NAMI Basics

On average, smokers die ___ years earlier than non-smokers

13-14

NAMI support group for those with mental illnesses

NAMI Connection

NAMI program for the family members/SOs/friends of mentally ill individuals

NAMI Family Support Group

NAMI Basics on Demand is…

Free, online program for families of mentally ill youth to learn how to support their loved one.

NAMI resource for military and veterans

NAMI Homefront

NAMI In Our Own Voice is…

A presentation done by those who have experienced mental illness to share their personal perspective.

A NAMI educational program for adults with mental health struggles who want to better understand themselves is…

NAMI Peer-to-Peer

Black adults are ___ more likely to report psychological disturbance than white adults

20%

Only ___ of black adults that need mental health treatment receive it

1/3

NAMI Sharing Hope

Initiative created by black/brown people to support mental wellbeing in their own communities

Community Health Equity Alliance

Initiative prioritizing community-informed solutions → brings together leaders from state and local organizations for mental health advocacy, faith, civic and healthcare professional services for Black/African adults

What percentage of US psychiatrists identify as Black/African?

2%

What percentage of US adults with mental illness receive no treatment?

57%

___American adults experience serious mental health conditions

1/20

Within the mentally ill community, more than ___ deaths caused by chronic illness can be prevented

7/10

People with depression have a ___ higher chance of developing cardiovascular disease

40%

NAMI Hearts+Minds

Wellness program which blends physical and mental wellbeing together

Anosognosia

The inability to perceive one’s own illness, commonly seen in Dementia, Bipolar, and Schizophrenia (due to damage to frontal lobe causing distorted self image)

More than ___ US adults experience mental illness each year. In 2024, this amounted to ___ of the population.

1/5, 61.5 million (23.4%)

What percentage of US adults experienced an anxiety disorder in 2024?

19.1%

The average delay between onset of symptoms and treatment is…

11 years

What percentage of homeless people in 2024 had a serious mental illness?

18.1%

The suicide rate is nearly ___ higher among males than females in the U.S.

4x

What is the 2nd leading cause of death in the US for the 10-15 and 16-24 age groups?

Suicide

Stress

Unpleasant emotional state resulting from perceived danger, positive in the short term and negative in the long term.

Stress Response

Can be initiated by extreme cold, emotional experiences, and lack of oxygen.

Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration increase, while nonessential functions (ex. digestion) decrease

General Adaptation Syndrome

3-stage pattern of behaviour in response to stressors

How does Amygdala Affect Stress?

Participates in ‘fear circuit’ which provides rapid assessment of a stimulus as potentially dangerous. Once it is identified as dangerous, the amygdala communicates with the hypothalamus, which commands the AutonomicNS (fight/flight system)

Stress and the Immune System

In the short term, stress provides a temporary boost in immunity. In the long term, it kills/suppresses lymphocytes activity

3 Types of Coping

1. Problem-focused: aims to address the problem

2. Emotion-focused: aims to deal with negative emotions

3. Relationship-focused: aims to uphold and protect relationships during the stressor

Psychiatrists need what kind of education?

MD, 5 years residency, fellowship for subspecialty

Clinical psychologists need what kind of education?

PhD/PsyD, 5 years practice to register with the College of Psychologists

Counsellors need what kind of education?

Master’s degree, CCPA certification

Hypnotherapists need what kind of education?

Master’s degree, NBCCH (National Board Certified Clinical Hypnotherapist) or ACH certification

What are the Fundamentals of Recovery?

Self-determination and self-direction

Stress can cause high levels of circulating hormones. This can cause…

Death of neurons and inhibition of neurogenesis

Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

Nerves exiting CNS, carry sensory/motor information to the rest of the body

Somatic Nervous System

Division of PNS, brings sensory information to the CNS and transmits commands to muscles

Autonomic Nervous System

Division of PNS, directs activity of glands, organs, and smooth muscle

Sympathetic Nervous System

Division of Autonomic NS, coordinates fight/flight (arousal and stress)

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Division of Autonomic NS, coordinates rest/digest (repair and energy storage)

Enteric Nervous System

Division of Autonomic NS, consists of nerve cells embedded in GI tract

Spinal Reflex

Reflexes initiated by the spinal cord without assistance from brain

Sensory Neuron

Carry external information back to the CNS

Motor Neurons

Carry commands from CNS to the rest of the body

Interneurons

Have no sensory/motor function, connect others together

The brainstem contains…

The medulla, pons, and midbrain

Medulla

Controls vital functions such as breathing and heart rate. Contains nerve bundles travelling to/from higher brain levels

Pons

Relay center between medulla and midbrain. Aids in controlling arousal, facial expressions, and sleep

Cerebellum

Participates in skilled movements (balance and coordination) and, in humans, complex cognitive processing

Midbrain

Between Pons and Cerebral Hemispheres, involved in sensory reflexes, movement, and pain

Reticular Formation

Collection of structures along the midline of the brainstem, participates in mood, arousal, and sleep

Subcortical Structures

Lies under the Cerebral Cortex

Thalamus

Involved in processing sensory information, states of arousal, learning, and memory

Basal Ganglia

Collection of structures that participate in voluntary movement

Hypothalamus

Involved in motivation and homeostasis through hunger / thirst / arousal / aggression

Hippocampus

Essential for forming long-term memories

Cingulate Cortex

Anterior segment aids in decision making and emotion, posterior segment aids in memory and visual processing - located above corpus callosum