Genes to Proteins

These flashcards cover key concepts from the lecture on genes to proteins, focusing on protein structure, gene expression, and genetic engineering.

What determines the shape of a protein molecule, and why is its shape important?

The shape of a protein is determined by its amino acid sequence, which affects its function.

What are the steps of gene expression, and where in the cell do they occur?

Gene expression involves transcription (in the nucleus for eukaryotes, cytoplasm for prokaryotes) and translation (in cytoplasm on ribosomes).

What is a protein?

A macromolecule made of repeating amino acid subunits that performs various functions.

What are amino acids?

The building blocks of proteins, with 20 different types, each having a unique chemical side group.

How does the sequence of amino acids affect a protein?

The sequence determines how the chain folds into a 3-D shape, which in turn determines the protein's function.

What is gene expression?

The process of converting information from the coding sequence of a gene into protein.

What is transcription?

The process of converting DNA to RNA.

What is translation?

The process of converting RNA into a protein.

What are some applications of genetically modified spider silk?

Applications include bulletproof vests, stronger skin grafts, durable ecotextiles, and scaffolds for growing tissues.

What are transgenic organisms?

Organisms that have received recombinant genes and have been genetically modified.

What are some pros of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

They have numerous uses such as producing insulin, enhancing crop resistance to pests, and aiding in gene therapy.

What are some cons and ethical questions surrounding GMOs?

Potential health effects, ecological impacts if they spread, and ethical concerns, such as issues related to eugenics.