Module 2 - ICT

Information Technology (IT)

Refers to the use of computers, storage, networking, and other physical devices and infrastructure to create, process, store, secure, and exchange all forms of electronic data.

Information and Technology Communication (ICT)

The infrastructure and components that enable modern computing, including technology used to handle telecommunications, broadcast media, intelligent building management systems, audiovisual processing and transmission systems, and network-based control and monitoring functions.

Uses of ICT in Communications

ICT makes it easier to communicate with loved ones, using cellular phones designed for communication over long distances.

Uses of ICT in Job Opportunities

ICT systems allow employees to focus on areas of their job that require soft skills and facilitate job searching through smartphones, laptops, and desktops.

Uses of ICT in Education

ICT impacts student learning when teachers are digitally literate and integrate it into the curriculum, with more schools adopting online learning as a permanent method.

Uses of ICT in Socializing

The rapid adoption of technologies is changing how we access information and organize for political change.

Positive Impact

Access to Information

Negative Impact

Job loss

Intellectual Property Rights

Software piracy and illegal downloads

Cybersecurity and Hacking

Identity theft, phishing, and malware attacks

Digital Misinformation

Spread of fake news and propaganda

AI and Automation Ethics

Bias in algorithms and decision-making systems

Digital Divide and Accessibility

Unequal access to ICT resources

Online Behavior and Netiquette

Cyberbullying, trolling, and harassment

Professional Responsibility

Ethical conduct in software development and IT services

Computer

Is a programmable machine that manipulates information or data.

Healthcare Application of ICT

Digitized medical information making it easier to store and access patient data.

Retail and Trade Application of ICT

Computers can be used to buy and sell products online.

Government Application of ICT

Government departments use computers to improve the quality and efficiency of their services.

Science Application of ICT

Scientists were one of the first groups to adopt computers as a work tool.

Banking and Finance Application of ICT

Computers can be used to check your account balance, transfer money, or pay off credit cards.

Tally Sticks

An ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages.

Abacus

A mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations.

Napier's Bones

Invented by John Napier in 1614, allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards.

Slide Rule

Invented by William Oughtred in 1622, based on Napier's ideas about logarithms, used primarily for multiplication, division, roots, logarithms, and trigonometry; not normally used for addition or subtraction.

Pascaline

Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642, limited to addition and subtraction, and was too expensive.

Stepped Reckoner

Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672, a machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.

Jacquard Loom

A mechanical loom invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881, an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.

Arithmometer

A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820, the first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine.

Difference Engine and Analytical Engine

Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834, the first mechanical computer designed to tabulate polynomial functions.

Augusta Ada Byron

The first computer programmer, suggested to Babbage in 1840 to use the binary system and wrote programs for the Analytical Engine.

Scheutzian Calculation Engine

Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843, based on Charles Babbage's difference engine, known as the first printing calculator.

Tabulating Machine

Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890 to assist in summarizing information and accounting.

Harvard Mark 1

Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943, also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), the first electro-mechanical computer.

Z1

Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938, the first programmable computer requiring punch tape for input and output.

Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942, the first electronic digital computing device.

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)

Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly in 1946, the first electronic general-purpose computer.

UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1 (UNIVAC 1)

Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the first commercial computer.

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC)

The first stored program computer designed by Von Neumann in 1952, with memory to hold both a stored program and data.

Osborne 1

The first portable computer, released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation.

Electronic Controls Company (ECC)

The first computer company founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

First Generation

1946 to 1958, used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, often enormous and relied on machine language.

Second Generation

1959 to 1964, transistors replaced vacuum tubes and moved from binary machine language to symbolic assembly languages.

Third Generation

1965 to 1970, transistors miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, increasing speed and efficiency.

Fourth Generation

1971 to Today, the microprocessor brought thousands of integrated circuits onto a single silicon chip.

Fifth Generation

Today to Future, based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and still in development.