AP Psych Unit 6

Zygote

Fertilized Egg

Genotype

Genetic Characteristic

Phenotype

Physical Characteristic

Embryo

Inner cells become a person, outer cells become placenta

Teratogens

Harmful substances that can cause birth defects or abnormalities in developing embryo or fetus

Albert Bandura

Bobo doll experiment and impact of observational learning on children

Diana Baumrind

Sought to understand how different parenting styles impact a child’s development

Kondrad Lorenz

Researched imprinting with ducklings, how children and animals develop attachments

Harry Harlow

How emotional connections are made, look at connection of baby monkey to a caring mother and mother who only provides nourishment

Mary Ainsworth

Strange situation test to see how children would react

Sigmund Freud

Unconscious mind, four psychosexual stages

Secure Attachment

When mother left child was stressed and sad, when mother came back would become happy

Resistant Attachment

Stressed and sad when mother leaves, resistant when she returns

Avoidant Attachment

Little to no stress or sadness when mother leaves, little to no interest when she returns

Authoritarian

Set strict rules, follow every rule without reasoning

Permissive

Loose with rules, do not demand much, little to no limits

Negligent

Completely uninvolved in children’s lives

Authoritative

Set expectations and do enforce rules, encourage discussion and dialogue

Oral

Focuses on oral stimulation (0-2)

Anal

Focuses on being able to control bowel movements (2-3)

Phallic

Individuals explore body and genitals (3-6)

Latency

Sexual feelings are hidden (6-P)

Genital

Sexual pleasure from behavior (P-on)

Assimilation

Person encounters new info and puts into schema

Accommodation

Old schema adjusted to be with new info

Theory of Mind

Cognitive Development around age 4, allows to understand other perspectives

Sensorimotor

Gains hands and begins to move, object permanence (0-2)

Preoperational

Uses language but will struggle with conservation, child begins egocentric but develops theory of mind (2-6 or 7)

Concrete Operational

Start to think logically, understand conservation and do more complex things (7)

Formal Operational

Hypothetical situations or questions and apply logic, moral reasoning (12)

Conservation

Ideas that properties such as volume and mass stay same

Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development

What a child can learn with assistance of another individual, the zone difference between help from another and ability to do by oneself

Scaffolding

Individual provides support and guides child to understand unfamiliar concepts

Personable Fable

Person, often adolescence believes they are unique and will not be impacted by different challenges in life

Imaginary Audience

Adolescent believes that others are watching and judging them, leading to self-conscious behaviors and thoughts

Fore Closure

High degree of commitment to particular identity, not looked at other options

Identity Diffusion

Not committed to set identity, not looked at or explored other possibilities

Moratorium

Individual has low commitment to identity and actively exploring others

Identity Achievement

Set identity and explored variety of different options, allowing to come to own conclusion

Trust v. Mistrust

Feeding, affection, and security (infancy)

Autonomy v. Shame

Separate items in environment, what is theirs what is not, confident and autonomy (Early childhood)

Initiative vs. Guilt

Child becomes social and asks lots of questions, some control over different aspects of life (Preschool years)

Industry vs. Inferiority

Most important evens in child’s life, own decisions, concept of good and bad, start identity (School years)

Identity vs.Role Confusion

Peer groups become important, friendships, individual understanding identity and place (High school, early college)

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Look for intimate relations, advancing career, love and commitment (College year and 20s)

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Seek to guide next generation, parentings, giving back to family (40-65)

Integrity vs. Despair

Reflect on life, think about accomplishments (65-on)

Preconventional Morality

Rules followed to avoid punishment, focusing on external rewards

Conventional Morality

Conform to others expectations, fulfilling duties and obligations

Postconventional Morality

Focused on rules and laws in accordance to individual’s social contract, to be understanding of universal morals with one’s own

Carol Gilligan

Believed that women focus more on interpersonal relationships while boys traditionally look at morality

Gender Schema Theory

Children create mental categories for masculinity and femininity