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Why does behavior change?
To compete for a limited resource
Competition
The struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat where they need to same resource(s)
Intraspecific Competition
Competition between members of the same species
Interspecific Competition
Competition between different species
Indirect Competition
Organisms use the same resource, but don't interact with each other
Direct Competition
Organisms physically interact with each other over the same resource
Niche
Range of resources a species needs for survival; range of conditions a species can tolerate
Niches are
Multidimensional
Competition Exclusion Principle
Two species that occupy the same niche niche cannot coexist
Fundamental Niche
Possible range of resource that could be utilized
Competition leads to
Fitness loss. Neither species will be able to reach their carrying capacity
Realized Niche
Actual range of resources that could be utilized due to competition
What happens when there is a niche overlap?
Niche differentiation
Niche Differentiation
Competing species use the environment differently in a way that helps them to coexist
Commensalism
When one species gains a fitness benefit without affecting another (Ex. Birds on cow)
Mutualism
When both species benefit from interaction (Ex. Gut Microbiome)
Consumption
When one individual east/absorbs nutrients from another
Predation
Predator kills and consumes prey (usually carnivores)
Herbivory
A herbivore consumes algae or plant tissues (may or not not kill)
Parasitism
An organism lives in or on a host
Endoparasite
Found inside a host and consumes small amount of nutrients (does not kill host) (Ex. Tapeworm)
Ectoparasite
Found outside a host and consumes a small amount of nutrients (does not kill host) (Ex. Tick)
Parasitoid
Free-living as adult, but larva feed and kill the host (Ex. fungus in nervous system of plant)