World History Semester 1 Final Exam ( Early Humans, Early Civilizations, and Ancient Greece)

Anthropology

the study of how humans have developed biologically and culturally.

Fossil

bone remains of a human or animal

Archaeology

 the study of past societies through an analysis of what people have left behind

Artifact

any object that has been shaped by human hands

Culture

way of life

Civilization

resulted from the development of agriculture

Fertile Crescent

a large arc of land that starts at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea and curves northeastward and then south. It ends at the Persian gulf

Mesopotamia

eastern half of the Fertile Crescent where the Sumerians settled

Polytheistic

to believe in many gods

Monotheism

 the belief in one god only

Nile River

Each summer it would overflow and deposit black silt perfect for agriculture

Dynasty

a family of rulers whose right to rule is passed down

bureaucracy

 Pharaoh on top and the slaves at the bottom

Hieroglyphics

a system in which symbols or pictures represent objects, concepts or sounds

Polis

a greek city state, the basic political unit of ancient Greece

Citizen

people who take part in the government

• A legal member of a polis with rights and responsibilities

Aegean Sea

allowed for trade exchange and military activity

Crete

a large island in the Mediterranean Sea, home to the Minoan civilization

Minotaur

a mythical creature with the body of a man and the head of a bull

The Dark Ages

the period of time after the fall of the Minoan cities

Homer

a blind, Greek poet who is credited for the Iliad and the Odyssey

Oral Tradition

tradition passed by word of mouth

Written Tradition

 tradition passed by written records

Achilles

known for nearly invincible body, except his heal

Athens

a Greek polis known for democracy, philosophy, and cultural achievements

direct democracy

 the whole city was part of the decision making process

Pericles

an influential Athenian leader during the Golden Age

He expanded democracy and rebuilt Athens after the Persian Wars

Philosophy

means seeking of wisdom

Socrates

made the Socratic method and is a famous philosopher

The Socratic Method

a question is asked to a student that is open ended. When the student answers, it's opposed by logical arguments

Plato

Socrates student

Aristotle

Plato's student

Sparta

means highly disciplined

Known for its military discipline and strict social structure

Helots

 slaves of the Spartans who farmed the land