Unit 7 - US1H

problem with second term

presidents to get in more trouble

Jefferson’s problems

Vice President Aaron Burr, Quids, Foreign Policy

Federalist Conspiracy

a group called the Essex Junto wanted to make their own country out of the New England states due to the fear of westward growth

Northern Confederacy

the country the Essex Junto wanted

Burr’s duel

blames Hamilton for not winning NY Governor so get into duel where Burr kills the last great thinker of the Federalists

James Wilkinson

Governor of Louisiana who was also a secret double agent to Spain; Burr was communicating to him about plans about western land

Anthony Mary

A British officer that Aaron Burr was also talking to about western lands

Wikinson’s betrayal

Burr gathers an army down MI River and then goes to New Orleans where Wilkinson starts getting scared

• tattles to Jefferson

• Jefferson charges Burr with treason

John Marshall’s verdict on Aaron Burr’s case

No two witnesses were saying the same thing about Aaron Burr so Marshall let him get acquitted

John Randolph

leader of the Quids who were strictly Democratic Republican (limited government strict construction, etc.)

Fletcher V. Peck

SCOTUS case that applies judicial review to the states due to the Yazoo Land Fraud → Jefferson gets undermined by his own party

Yazoo Land Frand

Corrupt Georgia legislature was selling land to companies cheaper than to the general public

• land companies sell it to legitimate parties who then raise the prices a lot to general public

• Georgia replaces corrupt legislature, and takes away all land → isn’t fair to farmers who bought land

Why did the Quids go against Jefferson?

Jefferson wants to compensate by giving federal land for the farmers that had Georgia land taken away

• Quid rose up and said it’s out of Executive powers

Marshall’s verdict - Fletcher V. Peck

Marshall says that Georgia handed it correctly by changed legislature positions but it’s unconstitutional that Georgia passed laws to retrieve land

Impressing controversy

As war heats up between Britain and France, Britain attempts to cut off French trade with France by applying France laws

Re-export trade

America took sugar from Sugar Islands and bring it back to France while they were in battle → British tries to enforce the French law that the ships taking the sugar from the islands have to be French

• America responded by taking sugar, bringing it back to America, and then sending it back to France

• Under the pretense that sugar was made in America

Chesapeake-Leopard Incident

• British ship raised their flag to signal they had male dispatchers → instead went to find deserters on the American boat

• British opened fire when captain told them to get out → some killed

• British took 4 natural born US citizens

Soldier’s mistreatment

sailors were going to America and getting naturalization papers due to Britain’s horrible treatment like bad pay, flogging, etc.

Berlin decree

(1st) France passed that no ship from Great Britain can enter any port of France or her allies on the continent

Orders in Council

(2nd) Britain’s response where ships trading with enemy ports subject to capture and confiscation unless first go to the Britain port and pay fee allowing trade with enemy

Milan Decree

(3rd) France’s second response that any ship that complies with British rules would be considered British and subject to seizure

Embargo Act

Jefferson sends Madison to Britain for Chesapeake Affair → would NOT stop impressing

Jefferson responds with this which says that American ships can’t leave to any ports

Embargo Act’s repercussions

Cripples American trade and angers the South BUT weird weather that year blew domestic ships to Europe

• even Jefferson pushed for its appeal before his term ends

• merchants started smuggling goods through Canada, which was allowed to trade with Britain

Non-Intercourse Act

Madison replaces Embargo Act with this act when he becomes president

• trade with the whole world except Britain and France

Macon’s Bill #2

Madison tweaks the Non-Intercourse Act by including that:

• if Britain removes Order In Council will stop only trading with France

• If France removes both decrees then will stop only trading with Britain

Right after, trade reached pre-Embargo days with Britain

Napoleon’s response to Macon’s Bill No.2

Says that he will revoke his decrees

• America drops embargo with Britain BUT Napoleon still acts on decrees by seizing ships

• Huge embarrassment!!!

Election of 1808

Jefferson anoints Madison, Federalists aren’t strong enough to have big influence

Census of 1810

Shows many living in the western area → west area is starting to become their own entity

Henry Clay

A war hawk from Kentucky

John C. Calhoun

A war hawk from South Carolina

Western flavor

Drum beat of war is strong in the west and the western influence in Congress is forming a powerful coalition in favor of war

War hawks

Dubbed by John Randolph

• new generation of politics who aren’t afraid of war and are willing to go to war to show their strength

Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Felix Grundy

John Randolph’s thoughts on war hawks

Opposes it since government increases during war times

Tecumseh

Shawnee leader who wants to work together with other tribes to resist the American expansion and wants the natives to come back in touch with their roots

• revolutionary since the tribes did not favor each other

William Henry Harrison

Notorious for his mistreatment to natives like brutal and dishonest dealings for them to follow through on Jefferson’s offer

Battle of Tippecanoe

While Tecumseh is negotiating with a tribe, his brother, the Prophet, orders an attack on Harrison’s troops

• Harrison destroyed their resources and killed many

War of 1812

• not a lot of support for war but it’s declared

• 5 days after declaration, they get word that Britain removed the Orders in Council

Mr. Madison’s War

People opposed to the war dubbed it this → Quids, Federalists and merchants

Western merchants were suffering an economic depression so they were the most vocal

Western Expansion Theory

Federalists thought that this war was just a land grab

Backlash of War of 1812

• Except for Andrew Jackson, we don’t have creative leaders

• Our new navy is not as grand as Britain’s

• New government isn’t experienced on how to provide for the war

• Don’t have an experienced national army, since most preferred to join state militia

• The national bank’s charter ran out

• had to sell war bonds but the South and West who were eager to buy them could not afford it and the Northeast had no interest in it

• They need taxes and war bonds for funds but only 1/3 of what was hoped was given → South and West can’t afford and New England (mainly Federalists) don’t support, so can’t raise taxes

Phase One: War at Sea

• need to control the Great Lakes in order to take control of Canada

• Were able to attack Canada which brought us at a stalemate with British

• Chesapeake is beaten and Captain James Lawrence is killed but leaves with a war cry

• USS Constitution has many successes

Oliver Hazard Perry

Cleared the lakes which let America attack into Canada

“We have met the enemy, and they are ours!”

James Lawrence

Captain of Chesapeake who died with the ship

“Don’t give up the ship!”

What made the USS Constitution so successful?

The bigger the ship, the more guns it has albeit it is less maneuverable

It has many guns but is pretty small to the point that Britain said we were cheating

USS Constitution’s nickname

Old Ironside

Phase 2: Chesapeake Bay

• Britain sails up the Chesapeake Bag to get to the capital → burns most of DC

• Madison runs out of the White House fast → big embarrassment

• British then has to sail past Fort McHenry which was ready and loaded

• British could not stop the fund and regrouped in Jamaica

Francis Scott Key

A lawyer who saw Fort McHenry shooting back at Britain and the next morning he wrote the Star Spangled Banner

Phase 3: New Orleans

• Battle of Horseshoe Bend

• To attack New Orleans, Britain had to go through swamp to Lake Ponchartrain

• Battle of New Orleans

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

Andrew Jackson went to Tennessee with Tennessee volunteers and the Cherokee and then defeats the Creek natives

Battle of New Orleans

• Andrew Jackson prepared troops below and above the city

• Defeated Britain as they came through

• British loss was way drastic compared to America

Effects of Battle of New Orleans

• HUGE moral booster but peace treaty was signed before so did not have a big effect

• ruined reputation of Hartford Convention

Hartford Convention

• group of Federalists that want to set rules after war that bring them into politics more

• Set something similar to Nullification Doctrine for war BUT Democratic Republic used before for Alien and Sedition Acts

• Nail to the coffin since it made them look unpatriotic due to the need of this meeting coming after the Battle of New Orleans

George Clinton

Jefferson’s Vice President after first term instead of Aaron Burr

Status quo antebellum

gained territory and prisoners were to be returned to the country of origin

Results of War of 1812

• Canada was recognized as a neighboring country

• Federalist party came to an end on the national level

• Native Americans sidedd with the British, but after the they left, they did not stick up for their native allies

• Indians had to give up a lot of laand

• Beginning of manufacturing economy

Jefferson’s choice for the natives

convert themselves to settled farmers and assimilate, or migrate to the west of Mississippi

Congress of Verona

the European Nations decided on whether or not to help Spain restore its colonies

• Britain tried to collaborate with the US to sign a letter together that would tell the other European countries to back off of restoring the Spanish colonies

Monroe Doctrine

Monroe and others were happy that Britain was thinking of them BUT John Quincy Adams realized that Britain wanted the US to sign the letter as an indirect agreement that the US would not expand its territory further

• Doctrine stated that America would not interfere in European affairs and try to overthrow their monarchies, so European countries should not interfere in the American affairs

• any intervention in America would be considered a hostile act against the US

Era of Good Feelings

end of the War of 1812 to the 1824 elections

• sense of nationalism, optimism, and patriotism during this period

• no party conflict since the Federalist Party was in the grave

• US is at peace with Europe

• Northeasterners moved to the northwest, taking their values (education, small farms)

• - Southeasterners moved to the southwest, taking the plantation economy

• Artists paint American landscape (Gilbert Stuart, Charles Wilson pEale, John Trumbull)

Henry Clay’s American System

Internal Improvements, Protective Tariffs, National Bank

McCulloch V. Maryland

• Are national banks constitutional?

• If so, can states tax national banks?

Yes, Congress has authority to make a national bank (Elastic Clause)

States CAN NOT tax it since it would be ruining the revenue of the country

National Bank

One of Henry Clay’s American systems (PASSED)

Internal Improvements

One of Henry Clay’s American systems (NOT PASSED)

Calhoun’s Bonus Bill

• build roads in the west and improve infrastructure so all states have the same level of economic success

• Madison vetoes it → it’s not a federal power and road building should be done by private investors and the states

Protective Tarriff

One of Henry Clay’s American systems (PASSED)

• make goods more expensive, so domestic goods are bought

• implemented in the Tariff Act of 1816

why did canals start?

Farmers needed a means to go from West to East markets so they made man made rivers

Erie Canal

First canal that was started by New York Governor Dewitt Clinton

• Hudson River to Lake Erie

• states had to pay for infrastructure

• Paid up cost to build in 9 years → IMMEDIATE SUCCESS

Black Ball Line

• leaves at the first and the fifteenth of each month no matter how full the ship is

• Farmers are now able to plan harvests and shipments accordingly

Steamboat Case

Gibbons V. Ogden

• Ogden sued Gibbons → Chief Justice John Marshall receives it and Gibbons wins since states can only regulate commerce within its state

• Used supremacy clause since federal license trumps state rights

Aaron Ogden

Purchased state right to operate ferry on one side of the Hudson River

Thomas Gibbons

Sets up a competing steamboat firm with a federal coasting license on the Nee Jersey side of the Hudson River

Advantages of railroad than ships

• don’t need to go depending on the stream

• Can go on the mountains

• Don’t need to deal with temperature changes

• Sleeping cars

Standard Gauge

Had to build railroads with the same width and same size so any train can go on it

Air brakes

Allowed them to go faster, stop all trains at once which was safer than stopping it one by one

Samuel Morse

Face credit for telegraph, series of dots and dashes that convey letters

• telegraph wire followed railroad paths

Cyrus Field

The greatest wire puller in history

• put the first Transatlantic wire

First telegraph

Went from Queen Victoria to James Buchanan

Pony Express

• connected frontier west to Pacific west

• Pony riders handed off packages to each other

• FAILED, LOST LOTS OF MONEY

• Enraptured America’s imagination, so is still seen in a lot of movies

Transportation Revolution

Three phases: turnpikes, canals + steamboats, railroads

Surge westward

As population moves to the west, they need roads to connect from east to west

• East is looking to still stay relevant

Turnpikes

A road for the use of which tolls are collected

Lancaster turnpike

First one that connects Pennsylvania to Philadelphia

• sets off a boom due to high profit

• Turnpikes come from state taxes

Big turnpikes connecting the mountains

• Mohawk Genesee Turnpike

• Philadelphia-Pittsburgh

• NATIONAL ROAD - connected Cumberland, MD to IL

• Wilderness Road

• Federal Road

Robert Fulton

Got laughed at publicly since he put a motor on his boat

• REVOLUTIONARY: don’t need to follow river’s dorection

• Created the idea of steamboats and begins to spread

Market Revolution

Century of incredible growth and development

• By 1900, US leads world in manufacturing

Factors stimulating/impacting manufacturing

1. Corporations

2. Tech advances

3. Factory System

Dartmouth V. Woodward

State tried to change info in contract with a private entity but was ruled unconstitutional

Charles River Bridge Case

Authorized builders to get tolls on their Charles River Bridge

the Warren bridge was then built on the Charles River which promised to stop putting tolls when money paid back how much it took to built

• Charles River bridge sues the Warren Bridge since it will take all the competition

• Chief Justice against allows for the second bridge since growth and public demand calls for it

• Useful benefit to public was more important than government interest

Factory System

Went from the family system (masters taking care of their apprentices) to the factory system

• started splitting up the labor to increase efficiency → crafts get sold to a vendor which then gives crafters more money

• Hierarchy gets clearly divided between masters/owners and apprentices/journeymen

• Alcoholism increases in working men

Samuel Slater

He set up the Arkwright System: he memorized Britain’s mechanization of spun cotton and brought it to US

• opens up Almy and Brown Co. (thread factory in Pawtucket, RI)

John Moody

Sets up the Waltham System: mechanized the whole weaving process by basing it on the Arkwright system

• opens up Boston Manufacturing Co.

  CAN NOW MASS PRODUCE FABRIC

Slave trade to fabric factory pipeline

As slave trade declines in the Northeast, the slave owners transition to owning factories

Francis Cabot Lowell

Made the Lowell system which included the Lowell Mill Girls

• factories start buying property in Lowell and makes artificial water drops using canals

Lowell Mill Girls

• uses the daughters of Northeast struggling farmers (promise good education and surroundings: dorms, exposed to art, Bible study, earn money for dowry or brothers)

• Their nimble fingers can easily use the threads and needles

• for of lung disease due to the constant breathing of cotton

• Lose their hearing due to the loud mills

• Lots of injuries due to long hours leading to heavy exhaustion

When the girls tried to unionize, the factories said they can go and they would instead use the Irish and German immigrants

Irish and German immigrants

Were used for unwanted labor

• mills ran 24/7 except for Sunday, so they had to drain these canals by themselves

Worker Unions

They asked for shorter work days, better working conditions, better pay

• immigrants removed the advantage that unions were asking for

Sectionalism

There were problems boiling up in the Era of Good Feelings:

National Bank

Land Reform

Internal Improvements

National Bank

Sectionalism problem since the national bank supports more manufacturers more

Land Reform

Sectionalism problem:

• federal government was selling land → factories wanted more expensive land in the West because they wanted to hold onto their labor

• If land is selling in small increments, slavery isn’t possible since it needs A LOT of land

• West wants cheap land in any way possible

Internal Improvements

West and the Northeast wants better infrastructure but South doesn’t want to pay for it → that’s why states have to pay for their own infrastructure with their taxes

Why was slavery regional from the beginning?

Abolition starts to pick up steam, after Northeast merchants can’t benefit from it