Unit 3: Land-Based Empires (Islamic Empires and East Asia)

Ottoman Empire

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922.

Safavid Empire

an empire that grew from a Turkish nomadic group that were Shi'ite Muslims

Mughal Empire

an empire that that was a mixture of Mongol and Turkish peoples from Central Asia, which dominated India until the early 1700s

Suleiman Mosque

built in Constantinople during the 16th-century reign of the Ottoman ruler Suleyman the Magnificent who was possibly the greatest of all Ottoman rulers. sig. - The mosque was significant because it was a symbol of Ottoman domination over much of Asia and Europe.

Coffeehouses

provided spaces for men to socialize, do business, and exchange news.

Tariff

taxes on goods

Tribute

a payment made by a conquered group of people to a stronger power

Ulama

Muslim religious scholars. The primary interpreters of Islamic law and texts or judges of the ottoman empire

Umma

The community of all Muslims

Sharia Law

The code of law derived from the Quran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed.

Harem

Women's or private quarters of a house or place in Islamic architecture.

Miniature paintings

often detailing religious figures, were a common sight in these areas. They were less expensive than their large counterparts, meaning that a middle or working class family could use them to decorate their home.

Sikhism

an outgrowth of Hinduism that revolves around the importance of spiritual purity and acceptance of the teachings of the Guru.

Guru Nanak

The founder of Sikhism and the first of the ten Sikh Gurus

Sati

women must die if their husbands die; shows low status of women

Taj Mahal

a building of beauty built as a tomb for Shah Jahan's wife; put Mughal empire in debt then he was jailed (Mughals)

Gunpowder Empires

large, multiethnic states in Southwest (Middle East), Central and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories 

Sultan

An absolute ruler aided by a strong bureaucracy, who often were military leaders.

Mehmed II

Ottoman Sultan called "the conqueror" who was responsible for the conquering of Constantinople, ending Byzantine Empire.

Suleiman I (The Magnificent)

conquered Mesopatamia and much of North Africa, he occupied large portions of Eastern Europe and laid siege to the Hapsburg capital of Vienna; Ottomans

Topkapi Palace

palace in Istanbul; center of sultan's power

Vizier

head of imperial administration; over time gained power than sultans

Shah

title for Mughal Empire’s emperor

Tax Farming

levied taxes on peasants to maintain strong military

Askia of Songhai

Emperor and military commander, introduced Islam faith to West Africa

Piracy

revolved around stealing goods and money from ships. Some acted independently, while others were privateers, contracted by governments to perform secret attacks.

Shah Abbas I

strengthened central government of the Safavid Empire; built an army o the enslaved that must obey Shah rule not Qezilbash

Ismail

founder of Safavid Empire; forced conversions of Shi’ite Muslim

Messianic

to wait for a great religious prophet (In Safavid Empire, it would be Mahdi)

Qezilbash

Red turbaned cavalry under Ismail that conquered Persia

Isfahan

New capital by Shah Abbas; center of trade and artistic architectures of the empire

Shah Akbar

Babur’s son that was in charge of Mughal’s state first big expansion; Sulh-i kul unofficial policy created under him for non-Muslims having same rights as Muslims; outlawed Sati; Standardized Weights and measure —> Trade increase; Created Strong Bureaucracy

Zamindars

Strong military required high taxes - aristocrats who are part governors part tax collectors for the Mughal emperor; collecting taxes for military purposes and got to keep some of it as well

Devshirme

a system that required Christians in the area to provide young boys to be slaves to the Sultans

Shah Jahan

built Taj Mahal; Akbar’s grandson; constructed a imperial capital in Delhi called Shahjahanabad; Mughal

Shah Aurangzeb

Shah Jahan’s son; presided over the largerst expansion of Mughal Empire since Akbar; intolerant towards Hindus; Mughal

Janissaries

elite military group

Istanbul

previously Constantinople (Capital of Byzantine), but got renamed by Mehmet II are being conquered; now the capital of Ottoman Empire

purdah

a woman's seclusion from society in India, which was more enforced for upper class women, who did not leave home unescorted

Mumtaz Mahal

wife of Shah Jahan; Taj Mahal was a tomb made for her: Mughal

Dutch Trading Empire

establish a global trade market, introduced Europeans to many luxuries like spices and tea from the East, enriched their trading partners and pioneered the stock market.

Java

an island that helps make up the country of Indonesia founded by the Dutch in the 17th and 18th century

Sunni

a follower of the majority branch of Islam, which feels that caliphs should be chosen by the Muslim community

Shi’a

a follower of minority branch of Islam, which feels that caliphs should be descendants of Ali (a descendant of Muhammed)

Rupee

Mughal’s currency; often in silver; distant markets became more closely connected thanks to increased security and shared currency; widely trusted due to its high degree of metallic purity

Delhi

The city served as the capital of the later Mughal Empire from 1638 onward; chosen by Shah Jahan; previous capital was Agra

Twelver Shi’ism

a religion based on Muslim beliefs, as well as the 'hidden Imam'; used by Safavid’s first Shah, Ismail, to unify the empire

Imams

heirs of Muhammad according to Shi'ite muslims; also a Shi’a religious leader

Madrasas

Islamic institutions of education dedicated to providing elementary education and religious teachings.

Bureuacracy

A system of government in which most important decisions are made by state officials rather then by elected officials

Hongwu

First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-gentry

Ming Dynasty

wealthiest dynasty in Chinese history; last native Chinese emperors; First dynasty after overthrowing Mongols; no more ministers, now direct ruler

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

general under Nobunaga; leading military power/master in central Japan; broke power of the diamyos; invaded Korea

Tokugawa Leyasu

Japanese warrior and dictator; he was appointed shotgun by the emperor, versus assuming complete control of the government and establishing the Tokugawa Shogunate

Edo

Capital of the Tokugawa shogunate established by Tokugawa Ieyasu; later renamed Tokyo.

Tokugawa Shogunate

a centralized government established in 1603 in present day Tokyo.

Daimyo

"great names" powerful territorial/feudal lords who ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary landholdings. Shoguns needed to control them in order to stabilize their realm and prevent civil war. Functioned as near absolute rulers of their domains → each had government staffed by military subordinates, had schools and currency.

Qing Dynasty

Manchu mercenaries that overthrew the Ming Dynstay; 2nd rule by northern invaders - like Mongols, put in place policies to keep Manchus and Chinese separate

Nanjing

capital of Ming Dynasty

Forbidden City

A walled section of Beijing that encloses the palace that was formerly the residence of the emperor of China; built by Emperor Yongle/Ming

Journey to the West

a literature that cam from China; a account of the Buddhist Monk Xuanzhang’s journey to India (inspired Dragon Ball-Z); Ming

Zheng He

led expeditions to India, Middle East, and Africa of many fleets to show power of China and to collect tributes; Ming

White Lotus Rebellion

Peasant rebellion against the Qing dynasty led by the Buddhist cult. Occurred because of the discontentment of increased taxes and government inefficiency

Red Turban Movement

Diverse religious movement in China during the 14th century that spread the belief that the world was drawing to an end as Mongol rule was collapsing; Qing

Cartography

The science of map-making

Commercial Revolution

helped to connect Europe with the rest of the world through trade, commerce, and investing; age of international trade in Europe

Manchus (Manchuria)

Northern Invaders/Non-Chinese Rule; warriors

57 Ronin (ako incident)

A story of a group of samurai left leaderless after their daimyo committed ritual suicide for assaulting a court official. After a year of planning they avenged their master's death

Tribute System

Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and people's that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities and required the payment of tribute --produce of value from their countries--to the Chinese emperor

Emperor Qianlong

Qing emperor who refused to open more trading ports to Europe. He was known for his military skills, love of scholarship, and tolerance.

Yongle

Third emperor of Ming who sponsored the expeditions of Zheng He and the building of the Forbidden City; and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel

Kangxi

Chinese Qing emperor (r. 1661-1722) who promoted Confucian ideas and policies and expanded the Qing empire; Sinification to Manchus

Canton System

used to control western trade under the Qing Dynasty: trading confined to only port of Canton in South China.

Que/Queue

Chinese men hairstyle used to symbolize; social control and Han Chinese submisson to Manchurian Authority

Period of Great Peace

when Japanese society was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional daimyo