History Final

Great Awakening

religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established

Education Reform

movement to create public schools that would provide basic education for all children, started in MA, Horace Mann

Humanitarian Reform

establishment of early asylums and fixing the prison system, Dorothea Dix

Abolitionism

movement to end slavery

Grimke Sisters

were 19th-century American Quakers, educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights

Temperance Movement

an organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption, first reform movement

Women's Right Movement

an organized effort to improve political, legal and economic status of women in American society

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Declaration of Sentiments

declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights

Compromise of 1850

agreement over slavery by which California joined the Union as free state, Mexican Cession divided into two (Utah and New Mexico), slave trade banned in Washington DC and set a strict fugitive slave law

Fugitive Slave Act

a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Kansas-Nebraska Act

(1854) created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to choose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty

Bleeding Kansas

sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory, further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

John Brown's Raid

began when he and his men took over the arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in hopes of starting a slave rebellion

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery, South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union

short term causes of the Civil War

Bleeding Kansas, Presidential Election of 1860, John Brown’s Raid, Nat Turner’s Rebellion, Fort Sumter, Secession of the Southern States, Panic of 1857, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott (1856-1857), Pottawatomie Massacre, and Secession of South Carolina (1861)

long term causes of the Civil War

Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850, Underground Railroad, Fugitive Slave Law, westward expansion/manifest destiny, Great Compromise, Second Great Awakening, and slaves having few rights

Fort Sumter

federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Emancipation Proclamation

issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union

Gettysburg Address

(1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights

Advancements and Innovations in the civil war

medicine, trenches, and photography

Lincoln's Assassination

April 14th, 1865 shot by John Wilkes booth at a play called “Our American Cousin”, Fords Theater, died the following day at William Petersons home

Freedmen's Bureau

organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War

Black Codes

laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Reconstruction of the 13th Amendments

abolished slavery

Reconstruction of the 14th Amendments

forbids any one to deny life, liberty, property

Reconstruction of the 15th Amendments

banned the denial or abridgment of suffrage on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Eli Whitney's Impact

interchangeable parts, creates standard of measurements, Cotton Engine (cotton gin), and increased slavery = increased South’s profit

telegraph

(1837) Joesph Henery, Samuel F.B Moose, west to east coast

entrepreneur

own money in new industries in pursuit of the American dream

Capitalism

is an economic system in which private invalid/buins control an entire country's industry of trade, profits need to be reinvested to grow a business

Market Revolution

bought goods and sold goods rather than making them for their own use

specialization

raising one or two cash crops that they could sell at home or abroad, Northeast

Panic of 1837

banking closing, silver and gold, Jackson’s fault

Whig Party

(1834) opposing Jackson, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, Daniel Webster, opposing ideas, American System

Tariff of Abominations

(1816, 1824, + 1828) punishing South, South had to compete with the world, nickname given by John C. Calhoun

Spoils System

incoming officals throw to out former apponitees and replace them with there own friends

Tariff of 1816

President Madison proposed: increasing the cost of foriegn goods to elimate bying products out of Britian (there was cheaper)

Erie Canal

363 miles, Hudson river, Lake Erie, NY = busy port

National Road

(1811-1838) federlist government funded, Cumberland (Maryland), Vandalis (Illnois)

Industrial Revolution

a social and economic reorganization that took place as a machine replaced hand tools and large-scale factory production developed, sewing machines and textile mils

mass production

the production of goods in large quanties and efficent

interchangeable parts

parts that are exactly alike, help make production quicker and more efficient

Adams-Onis Treaty

(1819) Spain gave the US Florida

specialization

N: factories, textiles, machinery, W: grain, livestock, S: cotton, tobacco, indigo, rice,

Monroe Doctrine

(1815) the US would stay away from European affairs if they did in the US

infrastructure

the structures needed that benefits everyone (roads, bridges, canals, boats, planes)

Why was the Monroe Doctrine important?

president declaring his intentions to defend America's intrest

Assimilation

forced to join a dominat culture

American System

developing transportation systems and internal improvements, establishing a protective tariff, resurrecting a National Bank

Nationalism

is the belief that national intrests should be placed ahead of regional concerns or the intrest of other countries

Democratic-Republican Party

restricting the powers of the federal goverment

McCulloch v. Maryland

national government over state government, state of Maryland can't tax the bank of the US, second bank of the US

national bank

common currency, debt federal taxes, public banking system

Indian Removal Act

Jackson forced NA further West, even though the Congress made treaties with tribes

Jackson's Impact

destroying 2nd bank of the US, Democratic party, supported individual liberty and instituted polices and resulted in Forced Native American migrations

Missouri Compromise

(1819) 10,000 settlers in Missouri, 10 free states, 10 slave states, Maine had to be added as a free state at the same time to remain the balance between free vs slave states

Trail of Tears

800 mile trip (forced relocation), Cherokee, 1/4 of there people were buried on this trip

sumpreme court issue

national government over state governement

North before South

North's climate, education, navigational streams

why Britain was the first to industrialize

coal, education, culture, people, lots of money, willing to invest

Transportation Revolution

national raod, erie canal, steamboat, railroad, locomotives, turnpike

Lowell Mill Girls

female workers who came to work in industrial corporations during the Industrial Revolution in the United States

precedent

an earlier event or action that is regarded as an example or guide to be considered in subsequent similar circumstances

Whiskey Rebellion

(1794) protest against the government's tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers

Hamilton vs. Jefferson

Federalists led by ___ vs. Antifederalists led by ___ debate between the two concerned the power of the central government versus that of the states, with the Federalists favoring the govt and the Antifederalists advocating states' rights, differences helped to give rise to political parties

Hamilton's Financial Plan

pay off all war debts, raise government revenues, create a national bank

US Neutrality

President Wilson and most of the American people desired to stay out of the war

Farewell Address

1796 speech by Washington urging US to maintain neutrality and avoid permanent alliances with European nations

Ketucky and Virginia Resolutions

political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799 in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional

Election of 1800

Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome, Hamilton leading hand in the House choose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

Jacksonian Democracy

the policy of spreading more political power to more people. It was a "Common Man" theme.

rotation in office

Jackson's system of periodically replacing officeholders to allow ordinary citizens to play a more prominent role in government

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court Decision, Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty, Jackson ignored it

Manifest Destiny

Aa notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific

Texas Revolution

the 1836 rebellion in which Texas gained its independence from Mexico

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) causes Mexican unwillingness to recognize Texas independence, the desire of Texans for statehood, and American desire for westward expansion

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Gadsden Purchase

agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny

Oregon Trail

2000-mile-ong path along which thousands of Americans journeyed to the Willamette Valley in the 1840's

Gold Rush

a period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

The Federalist

(1787-1788) Washington, Madison, Hamilton, 85 essays, NY, Federalist Paper written by Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay

1st 8 amendments

religion, bear arms, quartering, search and seizure, rights of accused, speedy; fair trial, limits on fines and punishments

Shay's Rebellion

(1786-1787) farmers protest over debt, ended up closing courts, western MA, Springfield to get to the weapons

Land Ordinance

(1785) states will look

Bill of Rights

10 amendments, needed to add for non-Federalist to agree with constitution

why was New York important

once NY was ratified, all states followed, Delaware was the first state to ratify

Republicanism

the idea that governments should be biased on the consent of the people

republic

elected representatives to represent the will of the people

Weakness of the Articles of Confederation

no executive, no national court system, 1 vote each state, unanimous to ratify (nothing passed), 190M debt, no taxation, no unity, Spain on the West

Confederation

called the first of governement

Northwest Ordinance 1787

requirements for statehood, Congress appoints territorial governor and judges, 5,000 voting residents, could write temporal constitution, 60,000 population, than states constitution, congress grants statehood, required public education

New Jersey Plan

single house, equal representation

Virginia Plan

more power to states with larger population

Great Compromise

2 houses of Congress, Senate: equal representation, House: population of state

Three-Fifths Compromise

House: 3/5 of a state's slaves population for both rerentation and taxation

Federalism

the divided power between the national gov and state gov

Legislative Branch

makes laws, congress: senate, house of representation