Inflammatory MOAs

Aspirin

Non-selective irreversible inhibitors of COX, unable to convert aa to prostaglandins/eicosanoids, anti-inflammatory, mild analgesic, anti-pyretic

Mefenamic Acid

Non-selective reversible inhibitors of COX, unable to convert aa to prostaglandins/eicosanoids, anti-inflammatory, mild analgesic, anti-pyretic

Meclofenamate Sodium

Non-selective reversible inhibitors of COX, unable to convert aa to prostaglandins/eicosanoids, anti-inflammatory, mild analgesic, anti-pyretic

Indomethacin

Non-selective reversible inhibitors of COX, unable to convert aa to prostaglandins/eicosanoids, anti-inflammatory, mild analgesic, anti-pyretic

Diclofenac

Non-selective reversible inhibitors of COX, unable to convert aa to prostaglandins/eicosanoids, anti-inflammatory, mild analgesic, anti-pyretic

Tolmectin

Non-selective reversible inhibitors of COX, unable to convert aa to prostaglandins/eicosanoids, anti-inflammatory, mild analgesic, anti-pyretic

Ketorolac

Non-selective reversible inhibitors of COX, unable to convert aa to prostaglandins/eicosanoids, anti-inflammatory, mild analgesic, anti-pyretic

Sulindac

Non-selective reversible inhibitors of COX, unable to convert aa to prostaglandins/eicosanoids, anti-inflammatory, mild analgesic, anti-pyretic

Ibuprofen

Non-selective reversible inhibitors of COX, unable to convert aa to prostaglandins/eicosanoids, anti-inflammatory, mild analgesic, anti-pyretic

Naproxen

Non-selective reversible inhibitors of COX, unable to convert aa to prostaglandins/eicosanoids, anti-inflammatory, mild analgesic, anti-pyretic

Piroxicam

Non-selective reversible inhibitors of COX, unable to convert aa to prostaglandins/eicosanoids, anti-inflammatory, mild analgesic, anti-pyretic

Meloxicam

Non-selective reversible inhibitors of COX, unable to convert aa to prostaglandins/eicosanoids, anti-inflammatory, mild analgesic, anti-pyretic

Celecoxib

Selective, reversible inhibitor of COX2, unable to convert aa to prostaglandins/eicosanoids, anti-inflammatory, mild analgesic, anti-pyretic

Acetaminophen

Selective, reversible inhibitor of COX3 (probably), unable to convert aa into prostaglandins/eicosanoids, mild analgesic, anti-pyretic

Cortisol

Agonist for the glucocorticoid receptor (transactivation, transrepression), inability of cells to express proteins necessary for inflammation/immunity, active inhibition of inflammation/immune response, loss of inflammation/immunity due to loss of protein function, unable to make signaling molecules, loss of active enzymatic inhibition of inflammation/immune response

Dexamethasone

Agonist for the glucocorticoid receptor (transactivation, transrepression), inability of cells to express proteins necessary for inflammation/immunity, active inhibition of inflammation/immune response, loss of inflammation/immunity due to loss of protein function, unable to make signaling molecules, loss of active enzymatic inhibition of inflammation/immune response

Betamethasone

Agonist for the glucocorticoid receptor (transactivation, transrepression), inability of cells to express proteins necessary for inflammation/immunity, active inhibition of inflammation/immune response, loss of inflammation/immunity due to loss of protein function, unable to make signaling molecules, loss of active enzymatic inhibition of inflammation/immune response

Fluticasone Propionate

Agonist for the glucocorticoid receptor (transactivation, transrepression), inability of cells to express proteins necessary for inflammation/immunity, active inhibition of inflammation/immune response, loss of inflammation/immunity due to loss of protein function, unable to make signaling molecules, loss of active enzymatic inhibition of inflammation/immune response

Methylprednisolone

Agonist for the glucocorticoid receptor (transactivation, transrepression), inability of cells to express proteins necessary for inflammation/immunity, active inhibition of inflammation/immune response, loss of inflammation/immunity due to loss of protein function, unable to make signaling molecules, loss of active enzymatic inhibition of inflammation/immune response

Budesonide

Agonist for the glucocorticoid receptor (transactivation, transrepression), inability of cells to express proteins necessary for inflammation/immunity, active inhibition of inflammation/immune response, loss of inflammation/immunity due to loss of protein function, unable to make signaling molecules, loss of active enzymatic inhibition of inflammation/immune response

Prednisone

Agonist for the glucocorticoid receptor (transactivation, transrepression), inability of cells to express proteins necessary for inflammation/immunity, active inhibition of inflammation/immune response, loss of inflammation/immunity due to loss of protein function, unable to make signaling molecules, loss of active enzymatic inhibition of inflammation/immune response

Methotrexate

Competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, unable to convert DHF into active THF, unable to convert dUMP to dTMP, unable to synthesize new strands of DNA, loss of proliferation

Tofacitinib

Inhibition of JAK, prevents activation of enzyme cascades (mTOR, RAS-RAF and STAT), loss of immune system cell proliferation/activation

Baricitinib

Inhibitor of JAK, prevents activation of enzyme cascades (mTOR, RAS-RAF and STAT), loss of immune system cell proliferation/activation

Upadacitinib

Inhibitor of JAK, prevents activation of enzyme cascades (mTOR, RAS-RAF and STAT), loss of immune system cell proliferation/activation

Adalimumab

Binds to TNF-alpha preventing activation of receptor, prevents TNF-alpha from binding to receptor and activating immune system cells, loss of NF-kB function, loss of cytokine secretion and lack of immune system proliferation/activation

Infliximab

Binds to TNF-alpha preventing activation of receptor, prevents TNF-alpha from binding to receptor and activating immune system cells, loss of NF-kB function, loss of cytokine secretion and lack of immune system proliferation/activation

Etanercept

Binds to TNF-alpha preventing activation of receptor, prevents TNF-alpha from binding to receptor and activating immune system cells, loss of NF-kB function, loss of cytokine secretion and lack of immune system proliferation/activation

Allopurinol

Inhibition of xanthine oxidase, prevents metabolism of purine nucleosides into uric acid, loss of uric acid production, decrease in accumulation in joints and uric acid crystal formation

Febuxostat

Inhibition of xanthine oxidase, prevents metabolism of purine nucleosides into uric acid, loss of uric acid production, decrease in accumulation in joints and uric acid crystal formation

Probenecid

Inhibitions of organic anion transporter (OAT), prevents reabsorption of uric acid from lumen of kidney into the blood stream, uric acid is secreted into urine to decrease bloodstream levels

Sulfinpyrazone

Inhibition of organic anion transporter (OAT), prevents reabsorption of uric acid from lumen of kidney into the blood stream, uric acid is secreted into urine to decrease bloodstream levels

Diphenhydramine

Histamine H1 receptor inverse agonist, keeps H1 receptor inactive, prevents activation and decreased activity, immune system does not initiate histamine-initiated response

Pyrilamine

Histamine H1 receptor inverse agonist, keeps H1 receptor inactive, prevents activation and decreased activity, immune system does not initiate histamine-initiated response

Dimenhydrinate

Histamine H1 receptor inverse agonist, keeps H1 receptor inactive, prevents activation and decreased activity, immune system does not initiate histamine-initiated response

Fexofenadine

Histamine H1 receptor inverse agonist, keeps H1 receptor inactive, prevents activation and decreased activity, immune system does not initiate histamine-initiated response

Cetirizine

Histamine H1 receptor inverse agonist, keeps H1 receptor inactive, prevents activation and decreased activity, immune system does not initiate histamine-initiated response

Loratidine

Histamine H1 receptor inverse agonist, keeps H1 receptor inactive, prevents activation and decreased activity, immune system does not initiate histamine-initiated response

Albuterol

Agonist for the beta-2 adrenergic receptor, short acting, initiates enzymatic cascade for cAMP production, MLCK inhibition, muscle relaxation and inhibits muscle contraction

Terbutaline

Agonist for the beta-2 adrenergic receptor, short acting, initiates enzymatic cascade for cAMP production, MLCK inhibition, muscle relaxation and inhibits muscle contraction

Salmeterol

Agonist for the beta-2 adrenergic receptor, long acting, initiates enzymatic cascade for cAMP production, MLCK inhibition, muscle relaxation and inhibits muscle contraction

Formoterol

Agonist for the beta-2 adrenergic receptor, long acting, initiates enzymatic cascade for cAMP production, MLCK inhibition, muscle relaxation and inhibits muscle contraction

Ipratropium Bromide

Antagonist for the muscarinic cholinergic receptor, inhibits increase in intracellular Ca2+, inhibits activation of MLCK, muscle relaxation and inhibits muscle contraction

Tiotropium Bromide

Antagonist for the muscarinic cholinergic receptor, inhibits the increase in intracellular Ca2+, inhibits activation of MLCK, muscle relaxation and muscle contraction

Zileuton

Lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitor, inability to convert aa to leukotrienes, inhibition of exudation, mucus secretion, smooth muscle contraction

Zafirlukast

CysLT Receptor Antagonist, inability to activate the receptor and initiate the corresponding enzyme cascade, inhibition of exudation, mucus secretion, smooth muscle contraction

Montelukast

CysLT Receptor Antagonist, inability to activate the receptor and initiate the corresponding enzyme cascade, inhibition of exudation, mucus secretion, smooth muscle contraction

Cyclosporine A (CsA)

Inhibition of calcineurin, inability of calcineurin to dephosphorylate NF-AT, preventing activation, inability of T cells to synthesize and release cytokines (IL-2), inhibition of proliferation

Tacrolimus

Inhibition of calcineurin, inability of calcineurin to dephosphorylate NF-AT, preventing activation, inability of T cells to synthesize and release cytokines (IL-2), inhibition of proliferation

Sirolimus

Binds with FKBP-12 and inhibits mTOR, inability of mTOR to cause gene expression and subsequent protein production, cells unable to produce proteins necessary for growth and proliferation/activation (T and B cells)

Everolimus

Binds with FKBP-12 and inhibits mTOR, inability of mTOR to cause gene expression and subsequent protein production, cells unable to produce proteins necessary for growth and proliferation/activation (T and B cells)

Azathioprine

Converted to 6-thio-GTP, incorporated into DNA causing DNA polymerase inhibitor, unable to convert dNTPs into DNA polymer, inhibition of proliferation and activaiton

Mycophenolate

Non-competitive inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), unable to convert IMP to GMP, inhibition of proliferation and activation

Basiliximab

Antibodies bind to T cell surface receptor (antagonists), binds to and inhibits IL-2 receptor on the surface of activated T cells, unable to initiate enzymatic cascade, loss of gene expression and subsequent protein production

Guselkumab

Binds to IL-23 preventing activation of the IL-23 receptor, inhibits activation of IL-23 in Th17 helper T cells, prevents production of IL-17 and IL-6, prevents NKT activation, prevents activation of memory CD4 T cells, inhibition of immune response (chronic inflammation)

Ixekizumab

Binds to IL-17 preventing activation of the IL-17 receptor, inhibits activation of IL-17 in multiple different immune system cell types, prevents production/release of cytokines/eicosanoids, inhibition of immune response (chronic inflammation)