Psy 203 Unit 3

the larger the _____, the more closely it resembles the _______ it represents

sample, population

what does WEIRD stand for?

western educated industrial rich democratic

having a sample that is representative of the population helps to increase the ________ validity

external

this type of sampling is when every member of the population has and equal chance and random selection will be used

probability

As this aspect increases, standard error decreases

sample size

As the ______ size increases, standard error increases

population

as this aspect of scores increases, standard error increases

variability

________ ____________ sampling involves all elements having an equal probability of being selected

simple random

this type of sampling means that there’s no way to know the likelihood of an element being included in the sample

nonprobability

this type of sampling uses whatever participants are readily available

convenience

this type of sampling involves specifying a number of people in a sample for a particular characteristic

quota

this type of sampling involves having one of more specific predefined groups being sought

purposive

this type of sampling begins by identifying someone who meets the criteria and then getting them to recruit more people

snowball

this type of bias is when a sample participants only include those who are highly motivated or are particularly interested in the topic. This is a major concern for volunteer sampling.

self-selection

A 0 of this means a weak correlation while a 1 or -1 means its strong

magnitude

This is a connection between at least two topics that is not controlled enough to be called a cause/effect

correlation

what are the 3 conditions for cause and effects?

Direction, Association, Isolation

this condition for cause and effect relationships is about the temporal ordering of events

direction

this condition for cause and effect relationships is about is the cause and effect are connected

association

this condition for cause and effect relationships is about ruling out thirst variables

isolation

this problem for cause and effect relationships comes about because of unknown aspects that could effect the outcomes that are not accounted for

third variable

this is the extent to which we can generalize a current study to the setting/population of interest

external validity

this type of study looks for DV’s w/out research and takes place outside of the lab

natural

____ ______ is a type of observational study that involves looking at physical aspects that people leave behind that indicates their behavior

physical traces

This type of observational study involves selecting, recording, and encoding a set of natural behaviors or other occurring phenomena

naturalistic

In this type of study participants respond to something happening, aka the experiment may influence the participants actions

reactive

in this type of study a participant doesn’t change how they respond to a stimulus

nonreactive

this type of bias has coders become less reliable over time

observer drift

this type of bias has a focus on the overall ratings instead of specific ratings

halo

this type of observational study has the observer join the group in the study to be as close as possible to the measured behavior

participant

this type of data analysis involves summarizing descriptive measures such as frequency counts, means, and SD’s

quantitative

this type of data analysis involves coding behaviors according to specific criteria

qualitative

this type of research is done by combining results of old studies

meta analysis

this type of research is conducted using old data bases, like GPA collections or the census and doing analysis

archival

analyzing things over time, naivety of participants, large-scale measurements, double checking, and normally having a strong external validity are all advantages of this type of research

archival

the census is an example of this type of archive

statistical

True or False: you almost always need IRB approval to use archival data

False

Case studies and single subject experimental designs are all examples of this type of research design

small N

this type of research design helps look at validity in individual subjects instead of large samples

Small N

______ ____ is a method of intensive description and analysis of a single individual or event

case study

single subject designs are most commonly found in what type of analysis

applied behavior

this type of design involves looking at baseline behavior, giving a treatment and seeing if it effect the behavior, taking the tx away to see if the change is long term or if there is a return to the baseline, and then, normally, a return of the treatment

ABAB

this type of design is a take on the ABAB design and involves getting rid of the treatment after the second baseline/a period

withdrawal

this type of reporting requires the participant to report the data

self

this type of self-report survey allows the responder to have unrestrained verbal or written answers

open-ended

this type of self-report survey gives the responder 2+ options and has them choose the closet to their belief/attitude

close-ended

this type of report has other people, not the person your studying, report information

informant

relevance, availability, detection, and utilization are all aspects that feed into what model?

realistic accuracy

what does RAM stand for?

realistic accuracy model

this type of sensitive question could get wrong responses because the answers would be none of the researchers business

intrusive

this type of sensitive question could get wrong responses because the respondent could get in trouble

disclosure poses a treat

this type of sensitive question could get wrong responses because the answer violates social norms

socially unacceptable

which measurement scale do psychological researchers assume/pretend likest-type scales are?

interval

this type of scale takes worded responses and associates a participants response on the scale as a number

summated rating

this response style has a general tendency to agree with all the statements regardless of content

acquiescent

this type of scoring is a good way to combat acquiescent response style

reverse

this is a test run of a study you would like to conduct

pilot

what range is best for the number of response options?

6-7

is it better to have an even or odd number of options

no advantage

do visual analog scale offer any advantages over traditional likert type items

no advantage

online survey’s typically sacrifice _____ validity to possible increase _____ validity

internal, external

this type of sampling focuses on sampling from shared experiences

event

this event sampling strategy could happen by a device going off for random people, participants being asked to record their thoughts, or other timers

random

this event sampling strategy could happen by answering a short questionnaire after an event or participant determined response timing

event contingent

this resource is a survey program ran by amazon

mechanical turk

this form of operations says its best to understand behavior using multiple studies in order to balance differences in approaches and designs- ideally the different studies will all come to one conclusion

converging